Complement System and Immune Response
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Questions and Answers

What is the mechanism by which CD16 recognizes antibody-coated cells?

  • Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs)
  • Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)
  • Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (correct)
  • Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)

    • What is the function of ITAMs when activated?

  • They induce apoptosis in target cells
  • They bind to class I MHC molecules
  • They inhibit signal transduction pathways
  • They promote the activation of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (correct)

    • What is the role of IFN-γ in the context of NK cells?

  • It promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
  • It is produced by NK cells during ADCC (correct)
  • It is an inhibitory receptor on NK cells
  • It is a ligand for activating receptors on NK cells

    • What is the function of KIRs on NK cells?

    <p>They inhibit signaling by activating receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of ITIMs when phosphorylated?

    <p>They promote the activation of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of ADCC?

    <p>Killing of cells recognized by antibody-coated cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of phosphatases in NK cells?

    <p>Removing phosphate groups from tyrosine residues to block NK cell activation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the innate immune system's response to repeat encounters with a microbe?

    <p>It responds in the same way to each successive encounter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basis of how vaccines work?

    <p>Memory of prior encounters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do phagocytes express to recognize microbes?

    <p>Receptors for PAMPs such as LPS and peptidoglycans</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of type I INF in NK cells?

    <p>To block viral replication within cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the innate immune system's recognition of microbes?

    <p>It recognizes structures shared by various classes of microbes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the complement system in defense against microbes?

    <p>To provide a collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the alternative pathway of the complement system triggered by?

    <p>Complement proteins activated on microbial surfaces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which pathway of the complement system is a component of the humoral arm of adaptive immunity?

    <p>Classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the lectin pathway?

    <p>To bind to its carbohydrate ligands on microbes and activate proteins of the classical pathway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is diapedesis in the context of inflammation?

    <p>The migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common feature of the alternative and lectin pathways?

    <p>Both are components of innate immunity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)?

    <p>To stimulate the expression of genes involved in antimicrobial functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common structural feature shared by all NLRs?

    <p>A nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of NLRP-3?

    <p>To sense the presence of microbial products and cellular damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of NLRP-3 oligomerization with an adaptor protein and pro-caspase-1?

    <p>The activation of caspase-1 and generation of biologically active IL-1β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What substances can activate NLRP-3?

    <p>Microbial products, substances indicating cell damage and death, and endogenous substances in excess</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of caspase-1 activation in the NLRP-3 pathway?

    <p>The generation of biologically active IL-1β</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the cytosolic complex composed of NLRP-3, an adaptor, and caspase-1?

    <p>Inflammasome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of gain-of-function mutations in the sensor components of the inflammasome?

    <p>Uncontrolled and spontaneous inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inflammasome in gout and pseudogout?

    <p>Recognizing crystals and inducing IL-1-mediated acute inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of IL-1 antagonists on autoinflammatory syndromes?

    <p>They are very effective in treating the disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the inflammasome in metabolic syndrome?

    <p>Recognizing lipids and free fatty acids and inducing IL-1 production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the protein component that contains the pyrin domain?

    <p>NLRP-3</p> Signup and view all the answers

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