Complement System and Immune Response

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What is the mechanism by which CD16 recognizes antibody-coated cells?

Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibition motifs (ITIMs)
Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs)
Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (correct)
Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC)

What is the function of ITAMs when activated?

They induce apoptosis in target cells
They bind to class I MHC molecules
They inhibit signal transduction pathways
They promote the activation of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine kinases (correct)

What is the role of IFN-γ in the context of NK cells?

It promotes the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS)
It is produced by NK cells during ADCC (correct)
It is an inhibitory receptor on NK cells
It is a ligand for activating receptors on NK cells

What is the function of KIRs on NK cells?

They inhibit signaling by activating receptors (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of ITIMs when phosphorylated?

They promote the activation of cytoplasmic protein tyrosine phosphatases (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of ADCC?

Killing of cells recognized by antibody-coated cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of phosphatases in NK cells?

Removing phosphate groups from tyrosine residues to block NK cell activation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the innate immune system's response to repeat encounters with a microbe?

It responds in the same way to each successive encounter (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of how vaccines work?

Memory of prior encounters (C) Signup and view all the answers

What do phagocytes express to recognize microbes?

Receptors for PAMPs such as LPS and peptidoglycans (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of type I INF in NK cells?

To block viral replication within cells (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of the innate immune system's recognition of microbes?

It recognizes structures shared by various classes of microbes (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the complement system in defense against microbes?

To provide a collection of circulating and membrane-associated proteins (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the alternative pathway of the complement system triggered by?

Complement proteins activated on microbial surfaces (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which pathway of the complement system is a component of the humoral arm of adaptive immunity?

Classical pathway (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) in the lectin pathway?

To bind to its carbohydrate ligands on microbes and activate proteins of the classical pathway (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is diapedesis in the context of inflammation?

The migration of cells out of blood vessels into the tissues (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common feature of the alternative and lectin pathways?

Both are components of innate immunity (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)?

To stimulate the expression of genes involved in antimicrobial functions (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the common structural feature shared by all NLRs?

A nucleotide oligomerization domain (NOD) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of NLRP-3?

To sense the presence of microbial products and cellular damage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of NLRP-3 oligomerization with an adaptor protein and pro-caspase-1?

The activation of caspase-1 and generation of biologically active IL-1β (D) Signup and view all the answers

What substances can activate NLRP-3?

Microbial products, substances indicating cell damage and death, and endogenous substances in excess (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of caspase-1 activation in the NLRP-3 pathway?

The generation of biologically active IL-1β (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the cytosolic complex composed of NLRP-3, an adaptor, and caspase-1?

Inflammasome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of gain-of-function mutations in the sensor components of the inflammasome?

Uncontrolled and spontaneous inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inflammasome in gout and pseudogout?

Recognizing crystals and inducing IL-1-mediated acute inflammation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of IL-1 antagonists on autoinflammatory syndromes?

They are very effective in treating the disease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the inflammasome in metabolic syndrome?

Recognizing lipids and free fatty acids and inducing IL-1 production (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the protein component that contains the pyrin domain?

NLRP-3 (D) Signup and view all the answers