CPL 2 - Anti-competitive Agreement

A term for market behavior prohibitions, specifically designed to prevent large companies from restricting competition by cooperating to manipulate outputs, prices, or market shares.

A Singaporean law prohibiting agreements, or combined actions, among businesses aimed at stifling competition.

A secret agreement between competitors to control outputs, prices or market shares to prevent competitive pressures.

A combined action by businesses that is designed to reduce or limit competition.

An agreement between businesses, needing no formal structure like a written contract.

The intended or realized outcome of agreements or actions among businesses, which is to reduce or limit competition in the market.

Evidence of cartels found mostly in digital communications (emails, messaging apps).

Behaviors directly intended to limit competition, such as fixing prices, limiting output, or sharing markets.

Agreements between competitors to set prices, including published price lists or fixed discounts.

Competitors colluding on their bids for contracts, often by agreeing who will get the contract or what the offer will be.

Competitors dividing a market among themselves, by product or geography.

Competitors agreeing to restrict the amount of their production.

Agreements that, while not directly about prices, can still restrict competition, e.g., setting standards on products or collaborating on buying from suppliers.

Breach of a law prohibiting anti-competitive practices without needing to prove that markets were distorted.

The purpose or goal behind an agreement.

Information easily accessible to the public, such as published market prices or general industry trends.

Information that doesn't significantly impact business decisions, such as past prices of a product that don't reflect current market conditions.

Sharing of confidential information, such as sales volumes, prices, and discounts, between competing businesses.

Agreements between businesses operating at different stages of the production or distribution chain, such as a manufacturer and a distributor.

Vertical agreements are generally exempt from the Section 34 prohibition, meaning they aren't considered anti-competitive.

An agreement between a car dealership and an insurance company that might be deemed anti-competitive because it doesn't fall under the vertical agreement exclusion.

Cases involving potential violations of competition law in Singapore, investigated by the CCCS.

A body that reviews decisions made by the CCCS, allowing businesses to appeal against penalties or rulings.

Significant fines imposed by the CCCS on businesses found guilty of violating competition laws.

A company's act of clearly expressing disagreement with illegal actions taken during a meeting, even if they participated in the meeting. This is done to avoid liability for anti-competitive behavior.

A case involving coach operators and their trade association in Singapore, where they were found guilty of price fixing by setting minimum ticket prices and inflating fuel and insurance charges.

Fees added to ticket prices by coach operators in the Triple C case study, which were significantly inflated, creating an artificial price increase.

The inflated price of coach tickets resulting from price fixing by the operators and their association in the Triple C case.

An exception to the Competition Act that allows certain agreements or practices that restrict competition if they result in a net economic benefit for Singapore.

Hotel customers can be categorized as corporate (businesses) or non-corporate (individuals, tour agencies, etc.). These categories can be distinct and affect the negotiation process, contract duration, and price setting.

The product or service that is the primary focus of a competition investigation, in this case, hotel room accommodation provided to corporate customers.

Information that can give a business a competitive advantage, such as pricing strategies, customer lists, or negotiation tactics.

The exchange of commercially sensitive information between competitors, which can be illegal under competition law.

To violate Section 34 of the Competition Act, which prohibits agreements or actions that restrict competition.

A surprise inspection conducted by competition authorities to gather evidence of potential wrongdoing, often involving the seizure of documents and electronic data.

An illegal agreement between businesses operating in multiple countries to restrict competition.

Competition authorities can impose penalties not only on local subsidiaries of a foreign company but also on the foreign headquarters if they are found to be involved in illegal activities like cartels.

Laws in Singapore aimed at protecting competition and preventing anti-competitive behavior.

A government agency responsible for investigating and enforcing competition laws. This can include the CCCS (Competition and Consumer Commission of Singapore) or other relevant authorities.