Week 8

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of retirement villages?

To function as a nursing home for disabled individuals

To provide full medical care to residents

To offer a managed community for seniors over 55 (correct)

To facilitate temporary housing for the elderly

Which statement accurately describes Aging in Place?

A form of skilled nursing care provided at home

A method that requires seniors to relocate to a managed community

A concept that emphasizes independence while modifying the environment to assist daily living (correct)

A program designed exclusively for people with dementia

What percentage of Australians aged 65 and older access some form of support or care at home?

40%

50%

15%

25% (correct)

What does residential aged care primarily cater to?

Older people who can no longer manage living independently at home Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is included in the Commonwealth Home Support Programme?

Social and recreational assistance services Signup and view all the answers

What does the competence and environmental press model emphasize regarding individual functioning?

Each individual's competence can be effective depending on the environmental demands. Signup and view all the answers

In what way can environmental press be characterized according to the content?

Environmental press can be both objective and subjective. Signup and view all the answers

What are preventive adaptations according to the Preventive and Corrective Proactivity (PCP) model?

Efforts aimed at avoiding stressors and enhancing social resources. Signup and view all the answers

How does proactivity differ from docility in dealing with environmental press?

Proactivity is about adapting to situations by choosing behaviors, whereas docility involves yielding to environmental conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What role does ‘Zone of Maximum Comfort’ play in the competence and environmental press model?

It indicates the optimal level of challenge for performance improvement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the percentage of residents in aged care facilities that are 85 years or older?

Over 50% Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about the distribution of residential aged care facilities is accurate?

A significant portion of residents live in major cities. Signup and view all the answers

What proportion of aged care residents has high care needs?

31% Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic characteristic is NOT commonly associated with residents of residential aged care?

Married with children Signup and view all the answers

What stereotype about aging is known to influence communication with older adults?

Implicit stereotypes may guide behavior unconsciously. Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributes to higher usage rates of Home and Community Care among non-English speakers?

Cultural preferences for in-home care Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of older adults in North America reported experiencing ageism?

91% Signup and view all the answers

What is a common result of stereotype threat on older adults?

Fear of being judged negatively Signup and view all the answers

Why is ageism considered a complex prejudice?

It includes both positive and negative stereotypes. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common health issue among residential aged care residents?

Severe long-term illnesses Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Competence and Environmental Press Model

The Competence and Environmental Press Model understands that a person's ability to function is limited by their capacity (competence), which is socially, physically, and psychologically influenced.
The environment has varying demands, called environmental press, and its level can be classified based on the demands placed on the individual.
An individual adapts well to a specific range of living conditions, but not to every condition.
Institutional care provides a homogenous level of environmental press, which might not be suitable for everyone's varying competency levels.
The environment should be adjusted dynamically to meet appropriate press conditions.
Environmental press can be both objective (measurable) and subjective (perceived).

Proactivity and Docility

Individuals may react to environmental press in two ways: proactivity and docility.
Proactivity is characterized by increasing personal competence and utilizing environmental resources for better outcomes.
Docility is marked by declining personal competence and a greater reliance on environmental factors.

Preventive and Corrective Proactivity Model (PCP)

This model explains how life stressors and mismatch between personal capabilities and environmental demands lead to poor life outcomes.
Proactive adaptations are crucial for navigating these stressors and improving life outcomes.
Preventive adaptations are actions taken to avoid stressors and build social resources.
Corrective adaptations are reactive actions taken in response to existing stressors, which can be facilitated by internal and external support.

Retirement Villages

Retirement villages are managed communities specifically designed for seniors over 55, offering social, lifestyle, and financial benefits.
They come in various forms, from independent living units to assisted living options.
The average entry age in Australia is 75, with 8% of those over 75 living in retirement villages.

Home Care and Aging in Place

Home care enables individuals to live independently in their own homes and communities, with assistance as needed.
Aging in Place focuses on maintaining a balance between environmental press and individual competence through selection and compensation.
Home Modifications aim to adapt the environment to help people with everyday tasks, making life easier.

Adult Home Help and Care

The Commonwealth Home Support Programme (CHSP) and Home Care Packages Programme (HCPP) provide social, recreational, and practical support to individuals.
They include day centres for therapeutic activities, domestic assistance like transport and home help.
Approximately 25% of Australians aged 65+ utilize some form of home support or care.
About 50% of those who receive home help eventually transition to residential aged care.

Residential Aged Care (RAC)

Residential aged care is for people who can no longer live at home due to illness, disability, or other needs.
In 2018, there were 216,000 government-subsidized places in RAC in Australia.
The average resident is over 85 years old and often has significant mental and physical problems.
Common characteristics of RAC residents include age, gender, recent hospital admission, marital status, family proximity, cognitive impairments, and dependence on others for activities of daily living.
Almost half the residents are in privately run facilities, with a significant number requiring high care needs.

CALD Older Australians

37% of Australians aged 65+ were born overseas, with a significant proportion born in Europe and Asia.
Most report speaking English well or very well at home.
Those who don't speak English are more likely to utilize home and community care services but less likely to reside in RAC.

Stereotypes and Ageing

Stereotypes are pre-existing social knowledge structures or beliefs about groups of people that influence our interpretation of new information.
Both young and older adults hold similar stereotypes about ageing.
An age-based double standard exists when people judge older adults' memory failures more harshly than younger adults.

Stereotype Threat

Stereotype threat is the fear of being judged based on negative stereotypes associated with a group you belong to.
It can impact older adults' performance and well-being, influencing their perception of themselves and how they are treated.

Ageism

Ageism is a form of prejudice that involves both positive and negative stereotypes about older adults.
While often seen as less severe than other forms of discrimination, it is prevalent and experienced by many older adults.
Common forms of ageism include patronizing, ignoring, and treating older adults as incompetent.

Self-Perceptions of Ageing

Older adults' perceptions of their own age and ageing are influenced by various factors.
The Labeling Theory suggests that when confronted with age-related stereotypes, older adults may integrate them into their self-perception.
The Resilience Theory proposes that confrontation with negative stereotypes leads to a rejection of those views, promoting self-affirmation.

Perceptions of Others

Age differences are found in the endorsement of social rules and norms.
Older adults use less detailed information when forming first impressions of others, often exhibiting a negativity bias.

Social knowledge plays a crucial role in navigating new situations, drawing upon past experiences stored in memory.
Source judgments involve determining the source of information.
Declines in cognitive processing resources may affect social judgment processes.

Causal attributions are explanations people create to understand behavior.
Dispositional attributions attribute behavior to internal factors like personality traits.
Situational attributions attribute behavior to external factors like circumstances.
Correspondence bias occurs when people rely on dispositional information while overlooking situational information.

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Description

Explore the Competence and Environmental Press Model, which examines how a person's ability to function is influenced by both their competence and the demands of their environment. Learn about the balance between individual adaptation and the environment's varying press levels, as well as the concepts of proactivity and docility in response to these factors.