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Which structure is NOT a component of the pectoral girdle?
What is the primary function of the thoracic cage?
Which process of the scapula is known as the point of the shoulder?
What is unique about the floating ribs?
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Which of the following statements about the lumbar vertebrae is correct?
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What is the primary purpose of the sacral hiatus?
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Which of the following ribs directly connects to the sternum?
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What is the initial bone to ossify in the pectoral girdle?
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What characteristic differentiates the male pelvis from the female pelvis?
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Which pelvic feature is especially advantageous for childbirth?
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What is the role of the acetabulum in the hip bone?
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Which bone is considered unique due to its sesamoid shape?
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Which statement accurately describes the femur?
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What does the subpubic angle of the female pelvis indicate?
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Which bone is located at the superior part of the pelvis?
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What is the primary function of the tibia in the lower limb?
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Which structure is NOT part of the pelvic girdle?
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What are the key components of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
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Which of the following connective tissues is not specifically mentioned as being influenced by the extracellular matrix?
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What does the linea aspera refer to on the femur?
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What is NOT a characteristic of the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
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Which function is associated with the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the skeletal system?
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Which of the following statements about inflammation is correct?
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What is the primary role of osteoblasts in bone growth?
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Which process leads to an increase in bone width or diameter?
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What can result from excessive immobilization of bones?
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How does calcium enter the bloodstream from bones?
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Which hormone is primarily responsible for increasing blood calcium levels?
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Where does interstitial growth primarily take place?
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What is the result of decreased calcium levels in the body?
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What role does calcium play in bone structure?
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What is the consequence of osteoblastic activity?
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What is the primary storage site for calcium in the body?
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What type of excessive curvature is characterized by a curve in the lumbar area?
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Which vertebra is specifically known for having no spinous process and containing a transverse foramen?
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What is the primary function of the vertebral arch?
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What does the vertebral canal contain?
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Which type of curvature refers to lateral or sideway curves of the spine?
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What is the structure that attaches to the body of the vertebra and forms part of the vertebral arch?
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Which of the following vertebrae articulates with the atlas vertebra?
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The vertebral foramen is formed by which two structures?
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Study Notes
Comparison of Male and Female Pelvis
- The male pelvis is denser and larger than the female pelvis.
- The male sacral promontory is more prominent and directly anterior (forward).
- The male subpubic angle is narrow.
- The female pelvis is lighter, designed for childbirth.
- The female sacral promontory is more posterior (backward) to facilitate labor.
- The female subpubic angle is wider.
Pelvic Girdle
- The pelvic girdle is where the lower limbs attach to the body.
- The hip bone consists of three parts:
- Ischium: inferior and posterior
- Ilium: most superior
- Acetabulum: hip socket, where the head of the femur articulates
Lower Limb Bones
- Femur: thigh bone
- Patella: kneecap, a unique sesamoid bone
- Tibia: larger lower leg bone
- Fibula: smaller lower leg bone
- Tarsal: ankle bones
- Metatarsals: foot bones
- Phalanges: toes and fingers
Hip Bone
- The hip bone consists of the ilium, ischium, pubis, and acetabulum.
Bones of the Thigh
-
Femur: has a longer neck
- Head: articulates with the acetabulum
- Greater Trochanter: lateral projection
- Neck: connects the head to the body
- Lesser Trochanter: medial projection
- Body (shaft): main part of the femur
- Lateral Epicondyle: lateral condyle
- Medial Epicondyle: medial condyle
- Intercondylar fossa: depression between the condyles
- Patellar Groove: groove for the patella
- Linea aspera: rough line on the posterior surface
- Patella: kneecap, a unique sesamoid bone
Vertebra
- Vertebral Foramen: opening in the vertebrae, where the spinal cord passes
- Articular Facet: smooth surface where vertebrae articulate
- Spinous Process: posterior projection
Vertebral Arch
- Protects the spinal cord along with the body
- Projects posteriorly
- Divided into two left and right halves, each with two parts:
- Pedicle: attached to the body
- Lamina: forms the posterior portion of the vertebral foramen
Vertebral Canal
- Contains the entire spinal cord and cauda equina
- Formed by the combined vertebral foramina of adjacent vertebrae
Typical Vertebra
- Body: the main part of the vertebra
- Vertebral Arch: protects the spinal cord
- Vertebral Foramen: opening within the vertebral arch, where the spinal cord passes through
- Spinous Process: protrusion at the back of the vertebrae
- Transverse Process: projection on each side of the vertebrae
- Articular Facets: surfaces for articulation with adjacent vertebrae
Lumbar Vertebra
- Body: larger and heavier than other vertebrae
- Spinous Process: short and thick
- Transverse Process: long and slender
- Vertebral Foramen: triangular in shape
- Articular Facets: oriented differently than other vertebrae to allow for greater flexibility
Thoracic Vertebra
- Body: heart-shaped
- Spinous Process: long and slopes downwards
- Transverse Process: has a facet for articulation with ribs
- Vertebral Foramen: circular in shape
- Articular Facets: oriented differently than other vertebrae to allow for limited flexibility and rotation
Cervical Vertebra
- Body: small and oval
- Spinous Process: short and bifid (split)
- Transverse Process: has a transverse foramen (opening)
- Vertebral Foramen: large and triangular
- Articular Facets: oriented differently than other vertebrae to allow for greater flexibility and rotation
Atlas Vertebra (C1)
- Body: lacks a body
- Transverse Foramen: transverse foramen is the only hole in all vertebrae
- Spinous Process: lacks a spinous process
Axis Vertebra (C2)
- Body: has a dens (tooth-like projection)
- Spinous Process: has a bifid spinous process
- Transverse Foramen: has transverse foramen
Sacrum
- Five vertebrae fused into one
- Articulates with the ilium to form the sacroiliac joint
- Sacral Hiatus: opening at the bottom of the sacrum, a landmark for anesthesia
Coccyx
- Four vertebrae fused into one
- Articulates with the sacrum
- Acts as an attachment point for some muscles
Thoracic Cage
- Protects the internal organs
-
Sternum (Breastbone): made up of three parts:
- Manubrium: upper part of the sternum
- Body: middle part of the sternum
- Xiphoid Process: lower part of the sternum
-
Ribs: twelve pairs, classified into three types:
- True Ribs (7): each rib directly connects to the sternum
- False Ribs (8-12): connect to the sternum indirectly through cartilage, or don't connect at all
- Floating Ribs (11, 12): do not connect to the sternum
- Costal Cartilages: cartilaginous extensions of the ribs that connect to the sternum
- Articulation: point of contact between the rib and the vertebrae
Pectoral Girdle
- Composed of the scapula and clavicle
-
Scapula (Shoulder Blade):
- Acromion Process: point of the shoulder
- Coracoid Process: attachment point for muscles
- Glenoid Cavity: socket that articulates with the head of the humerus
-
Clavicle (Collar Bone):
- Proximal End: connects to the sternum
- Distal End: connects to the scapula
Bone Growth
- Appositional Growth (Width): occurs through deposition of new bone matrix on the surface of bones
- Interstitial Growth (Length): occurs through endochondral ossification within the epiphyseal plate
Bone and Calcium Homeostasis
- Bone is the main storage site for calcium in the body.
- Osteoblasts: bone-building cells that deposit calcium into bone
- Osteoclasts: bone-resorbing cells that break down bone and release calcium into the blood
- Parathyroid Hormone (PTH): increases blood calcium levels by stimulating osteoclasts
- Calcitonin: decreases blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclasts
Excessive Curvatures of the Spine
- Lordosis: exaggerated inward curvature of the lumbar spine
- Kyphosis: exaggerated outward curvature of the thoracic spine
- Scoliosis: lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
- Found in connective tissues including bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
- Provides support and gives structure
- Contains collagen, ground substance, and other organic molecules, as well as water and minerals
- The composition of the ECM determines the characteristics of the connective tissue
Components of ECM
- Collagen: provides strength and flexibility
- Ground Substance: gel-like substance that provides hydration and lubrication
- Other Organic Molecules: various proteins and carbohydrates that contribute to the ECM's structure and function
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Description
This quiz examines the anatomical differences between male and female pelves, focusing on structure, angles, and purpose. It also covers the components of the pelvic girdle and lower limb bones, providing a comprehensive understanding of human anatomy. Test your knowledge on these crucial aspects of skeletal anatomy!
