Questions and Answers
What are some topics discussed during the group interviews conducted by the team?
Specific rituals, symbols, heroes, and values
What are some factors that influence and shape the culture of a social group?
Underlying assumptions, values, norms, and beliefs
What are some influential factors mentioned that impact culture?
Overall social context, nationalities, world views, and religions
What is the focus of intercultural psychology?
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What does cultural psychology explore?
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What does comparative research in psychology aim to examine?
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What is the unique focus of indigenous psychology?
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What is the limitation of using cultural dimensions to describe cultures?
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Which phase of the team's research involved written structured questionnaires?
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What is the main focus of cross-cultural psychology?
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Study Notes
Intercultural Dialogue and Multiculturalism
- In 2013, 47 countries recognized diversity as an enriching element of modern societies and presented the white paper "Living Together as Equals in Dignity", promoting intercultural dialogue and debate about multiculturalism and interculturalism.
- Bolten's three-stage model of multiculturalism (2016) includes:
- Multiculturalism I: societies that devalue other cultures, resulting in separation of cultural groups
- Multiculturalism II: cultural groups coexist and live side by side
- Interculturalism: the ultimate means of coexistence, where members hold each other in mutual respect and acknowledgment, promoting inclusion and collaboration
Cultural Dimensions
- Cultural dimensions are variables or categories used to describe and compare national cultures
- Examples of cultural dimensions include:
- Individualism vs. Collectivism: individual achievement vs. group interests
- Masculinity vs. Femininity: distinct gender roles vs. overlapping gender roles
- Uncertainty Avoidance: tolerance of uncertainty and ambiguity
- Power Distance: degree of inequality in society
Research Projects
- Four significant research projects on cultural dimensions include:
- Hofstede's cultural theory (2010)
- GLOBE project (House et al., 2004)
- Trompenaars' cultural theory (2012)
- Schwartz's cultural theory (2004)
Criticisms and Methodologies
- Criticisms of cultural dimension research include:
- Lack of objectivity due to Western cultural bias
- Researchers' perspectives influenced by their own culture
- Intercultural psychology and cross-cultural psychology use both quantitative and qualitative methods
- Qualitative research methods include:
- Field research in natural settings
- Semi-structured and unstructured interviews
- Focus group discussions
- Narrative and explorative interviews
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