Comparing RR, PR, OR, and POR in Epidemiology

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In which type of study is the OR preferred over the RR and PR for estimating the relative measure of association?

Cohort study
Case-control study (correct)
Longitudinal study
Cross-sectional study

When is the exposure E considered a potential protective factor for the disease D based on the relative measure of association?

$ \text{Relative measure} \geq 1 $
$ \text{Relative measure} = 1 $
$ \text{Relative measure} < 1 $ (correct)
$ \text{Relative measure} > 1 $

What does PR stand for in the context of estimating relative measures of association?

Proportional Risk
Potential Risk
Prevalence Ratio (correct)
Population Ratio

When is the exposure E and the disease D considered independent based on the relative measure of association?

$ \text{Relative measure} = 1 $ (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of study would the risk ratio (RR) compare the probability of developing the disease during the follow-up between two groups of exposure?

Cohort study (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why are POR and OR treated as numerically identical in cross-sectional and case-control studies?

They yield the same results in specific cases (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the population attributable risk (PAR)?

PAR is a measure of impact and represents the proportion of cases in the population which are attributable to the exposure (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does the population attributable risk (PAR) measure assume?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does the population attributable risk (PAR) measure assume if P(D|Ē) = 0?

PAR = 1 (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the exposure attributable risk (EAR)?

EAR measures the proportion of cases among the exposed population that are attributable to the exposure (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which package in R can be used to calculate confidence intervals for odds ratio and risk ratio?

epiR (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the possible values for RR compared to OR?

RR > 1 . OR > RR RR < 1 . OR < RR RR = 1 . OR = 1 (D) Signup and view all the answers

In which type of study is the prevalence ratio (PR) compared between two groups of exposure?

Cross-sectional study (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does the logistic regression model interpret in terms of odds ratio?

Coefficients have a straightforward interpretation in terms of odds ratio. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What does OR stand for in statistics?

(Odds Ratio) (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which distribution is used for the exact calculation of confidence intervals for odds ratio in high sample size scenarios?

"hypergeometric distribution" (A) Signup and view all the answers

"The lower P(D|E) and P(D|Ē), the closer RR and OR." Which type of diseases usually exhibit this characteristic?

"Rare diseases" (A) Signup and view all the answers

What do PR, RR, and OR measure?

PR measures impact, while RR and OR measure association. (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating Attributable Numbers (ANp) in epidemiology?

ANp = AFp * np (B) Signup and view all the answers

In epidemiology, what are attributable fractions usually reported as to describe the impact of the exposure?

% to the exposed population (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for calculating the number of cases among the whole population that would not have occurred in the absence of exposure (ANp) in epidemiology?

ANp = AFp * np (D) Signup and view all the answers

In the context of epidemiology, which measure is known as 'excess risk'?

Attributable Numbers (AN) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What does EAR stand for in the context of estimating health impacts in epidemiology?

Exposure Attributable Risk (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is known as `excess risk` in epidemiology?

P(D|E) P(D|Ē) (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is used to describe the impact of exposure in epidemiology?

Attributable Fractions (AF) (B) Signup and view all the answers

When is OR preferred?

The Odds Ratio (OR) is preferred over the Risk Ratio (RR) and Prevalence Ratio (PR) for estimating the relative measure of association in Case-Control studies.

Protective factor

The exposure E is considered a potential protective factor for the disease D if the relative measure of association is less than 1.

What is PR?

PR stands for Prevalence Ratio, which is a measure of the association between exposure and disease in cross-sectional studies.

Independence

The exposure E and disease D are considered independent if the relative measure of association equals 1.