Comparative Vertebrate Biology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following clades is NOT a modern clade of Sarcopterygii?

  • Chondrichthyes (correct)
  • Actinistia
  • Tetrapoda
  • Dipnoi

    • Tetrapods have only one set of limbs.

    False

    What are the major bones found in the hindlimb of tetrapods?

    Femur, tibia, fibula, pes

    The major components of the appendicular skeleton include __________ and girdles.

    <p>limbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adaptations with their corresponding environmental scenarios:

    <p>Lobe-fins = Facilitating movement in shallow waters Tetrapod limbs = Adaptation for terrestrial life Coelacanths' ability to walk = Survival on ocean floors Diverse body plans = Adaptation to various habitats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does positive allometry indicate in scaling relationships?

    <p>More than expected scaling between measures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Negative allometry means that one measure scales less than expected compared to another.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is isometry in the context of scaling relationships?

    <p>Proportional scaling between two measures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In biology, expected scaling relationships for length with mass is given by L ∝ M^[______].

    <p>1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scaling relationships with their respective power law expressions:

    <p>Length with mass = M^{1/3} Area with mass = M^{2/3} Expected slope for mass vs mass = 1 Gradient for Area = 1/3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about scaling relationships is true?

    <p>Scalings in biology are often allometric.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The expected scaling relationship for area with mass is A ∝ M^{1/3}.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected slope for mass vs mass in scaling relationships?

    <p>1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of larger body size in vertebrates?

    <p>Easier escape from predators</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Larger body sizes in vertebrates always reduce the effects of gravity.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one primary challenge larger vertebrates face due to their size.

    <p>Stronger forces of gravity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Transitions between aquatic and terrestrial habitats necessitate changes in ______.

    <p>respiration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following adaptations with their corresponding environments:

    <p>Aquatic habitat = Adapted for buoyancy Terrestrial habitat = Adapted for support Air environment = Adapted for breathing Water environment = Adapted for locomotion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical constraint must body plans of vertebrates adhere to?

    <p>Laws of physics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vertebrates have the same body plan regardless of their environment.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Explain what is meant by isometry in scaling relationships.

    <p>Equal proportions in body measures as size changes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Changes in ________ can be a result of scaling and adaptation to environmental challenges.

    <p>gross morphology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts with their respective definitions:

    <p>Morphology = The study of the form and structure of organisms Adaptation = Changes in traits that enhance survival in specific environments Scaling = The relationship between size and shape in organisms Ecology = The study of interactions between organisms and their environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between volume (V) and length (L)?

    <p>V ∝ L3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In biology, the scaling factor k affects both structure and function as the organism grows.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the formula to express area (A) in terms of length (L) in this context?

    <p>A = 6L^2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The relationship A ∝ L^2 implies that area scales with the ___ of the organism.

    <p>square</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following scaling relationships with their corresponding areas:

    <p>Volume = V ∝ L3 Area = A ∝ L2 Length = L ∝ V^(1/3) Area to Length = L ∝ A^(1/2)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scaling relationship is correct when considering physical constraints on body plans?

    <p>Volume increases more rapidly than area with size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The formula V2 = (2L)^3 suggests that doubling a dimension quadruples the volume.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT part of the vertebrate body plan (bauplan)?

    <p>Exoskeleton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does isometry have on relationships between body mass and proportions?

    <p>They maintain proportional relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a logarithmic scale, a multiplicative series is converted into an ___ relationship.

    <p>additive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The hourglass model suggests that vertebrate embryos show morphological diversity initially and then converge towards a conserved body plan.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of scaling on physical measures in tetrapods?

    <p>Both area and volume scale with length, but at different powers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the two main clades of bony fishes.

    <p>Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ are the earliest bony fishes known from the Late Silurian period, approximately 425 million years ago.

    <p>Guiyu oneiros</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following vertebrate groups with their characteristics:

    <p>Chondrichthyes = Cartilaginous fishes Osteichthyes = Bony fishes Placoderms = Early armored fishes Actinopterygii = Ray-finned fishes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the muscles of Actinopterygii?

    <p>Muscles controlling fins are located within the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All vertebrates have a fully ossified endoskeleton.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do the paired pectoral and pelvic fins signify in vertebrate evolution?

    <p>They represent adaptations for improved mobility in aquatic environments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most diverse vertebrate clade, comprising 50% of all vertebrates, is _____.

    <p>Actinopterygii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which physical constraint is important for the body plan of aquatic vertebrates?

    <p>Buoyancy influences shape and structure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following features is characteristic of the skulls of early tetrapods?

    <p>A well-developed splanchnocranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Modern amphibians have retained all the bones present in early tetrapod skulls.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of skull structure do turtles exhibit, reverting to an anapsid condition?

    <p>Derived diapsid skull with loss of temporal fenestrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The diapsid skull of snakes shows extreme loss of bone, particularly __________.

    <p>lower temporal bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following reptiles with their skull characteristics:

    <p>Crocodiles = Robust skull with secondary palate Tuatara = Classic diapsid skull Snakes = Highly derived diapsid skull Lizards = Loss of lower temporal bar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bone structure in the skull is often not ossified in modern amphibians?

    <p>Neurocranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Aves have a heavier skull compared to their early ancestors to support flight.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique feature do monotremes like the Echidna possess regarding their teeth?

    <p>No teeth in adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the skull primarily protects the brain in tetrapods?

    <p>Neurocranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The splanchnocranium is primarily responsible for supporting the jaw.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the temporal fenestrae?

    <p>Holes behind the eye socket in the skull that are characteristic of diapsids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ is a type of cavity or shallow depression found in skull anatomy.

    <p>fossa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of skull modifications to their descriptions:

    <p>Diapsids = Have two temporal fenestrae Synapsids = Have a single temporal fenestra Archosaurs = May possess additional fenestrae Amphibians = Show variation in skull structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic distinguishes diapsid skulls from synapsid skulls?

    <p>Diapsids possess two temporal fenestrae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All tetrapods have a uniform skull structure regardless of their evolutionary lineage.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do fontanels play in newborn humans?

    <p>They allow for skull flexibility during childbirth and future brain growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ____ is the part of the skull that consists of dermal bone, including the skull roof and facial bones.

    <p>dermatocranium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two major components found in the skull of humans?

    <p>Cranial and facial bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All mammals, including humans, have more than 7 cervical vertebrae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mammal is known to have more than 7 cervical vertebrae?

    <p>Three-toed sloth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Elasmosaurids are notable for having the most _______ and the longest necks among vertebrates.

    <p>vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the anatomical feature to the corresponding group of animals:

    <p>Humans = 22 skull bones Manatees = 5-6 cervical vertebrae Giraffes = 7 cervical vertebrae Elasmosaurus = Long neck with numerous vertebrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bones is NOT part of the modern mammalian skull?

    <p>Quadrate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All reptile skulls have the same amount of fenestrae.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name two major anatomical features that differentiate the neurocranium from the splanchnocranium.

    <p>Braincase and facial bones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetrapods evolved from fish-like ancestors with significant changes in skull morphology, particularly in the development of __________.

    <p>jaws</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following amphibian skull features with their descriptions:

    <p>Nasal = Bone that is vital for the sense of smell Frontal = Bone forming the forehead region Parietal = Bone located at the top and sides of the skull Maxilla = Upper jaw bone that holds teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of diapsid skulls?

    <p>Presence of two temporal fenestrae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Certain skull bones in mammals have been repurposed into the ear bones.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary adaptation of the Dasypeltis skull for its diet?

    <p>Reduced bone structure and few teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the junctions between the bones of the skull?

    <p>Sutures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term __________ refers to the evolutionary process of gaining and losing anatomical features in skulls over time.

    <p>morphological change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dasypeltis snakes are venomous.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name the most well-known species of Dasypeltis.

    <p>Dasypeltis scabra</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following skull bones with their corresponding categories:

    <p>Maxilla = Marginal jaw bone Parietal = Cranial bone Dentary = Lower jaw bone Frontal = Braincase bone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dasypeltis has specialized vertebrae that act like ______ to help consume eggs.

    <p>teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following anatomical features with their functions in the Dasypeltis:

    <p>Reduced bone = Lightweight skull for flexibility Hypapophyses = Cracking egg shells Few teeth = Non-venomous feeding Specialized vertebrae = Assisting in egg consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the structure of the Dasypeltis skeleton?

    <p>Adapted for egg consumption</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Understanding anatomical terminology is essential for comparing taxa.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major components make up the vertebrate skeleton?

    <p>Axial and appendicular</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Dasypeltis is often found in forests with high ______ abundance.

    <p>bird</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do anteriorly-facing hypapophyses in Dasypeltis contribute to?

    <p>Cracking egg shells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Form and Function in Comparative Vertebrate Biology

    • The course is BI2CV1 Comparative Vertebrate Biology taught by Dr Manabu Sakamoto.
    • Contact information is provided: [email protected]

    Recap: Vertebrate Body Plan (Bauplan)

    • Vertebrate body plan is observed across vertebrates during the phylotypic stage of embryonic development.
    • Key features of the Chordate body plan include: segmented brain, cranium, dorsal neural tube, notochord, pharynx, heart, segmented muscles, and sensory organs (paired).
    • Innovations in the Vertebrate body plan include a segmented brain, sensory placodes, branchial arches, and medial fins.
    • Phylogenetic development is a critical part of understanding how vertebrates develop physically, and the changes throughout the evolutionary scale.
    • The "hourglass model" describes how vertebrate embryos converge toward a conserved body plan before diverging again.

    Early Vertebrate Evolution

    • A phylogenetic tree shows the evolutionary relationships between early vertebrates, including jawless and jawed vertebrates.
    • Key lineages and periods of evolutionary development are highlighted on the tree.
    • Noteworthy groups such as Amphioxus, tunicates, hagfish, lampreys, conodonts, placoderms, and various fish are discussed.
    • The evolution of paired pectoral and pelvic fins is discussed.
    • Key evolutionary transitions are related to the ossified endoskeleton.

    Placoderms

    • Placoderms are a group of extinct armored fishes.
    • Discussion on their taxonomic placement in relation to the broader evolutionary tree is included.
    • Evolutionary timeline shows diversity over geological periods.

    Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes

    • This group includes sharks, rays, and chimaeras.
    • Key anatomy and evolutionary developments are highlighted, including the skeleton (cartilaginous).

    Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes

    • Fully ossified endoskeleton
    • Three key groups: Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), Sarcopterygii (lobe-finned fish).

    Actinopterygii: Ray-finned Fishes

    • Characterized by bony ray-fins.
    • Muscles controlling fins are located within the body.
    • Most diverse vertebrate clade (50% of vertebrates are ray-finned).

    Sarcopterygii: Lobe-finned Fishes

    • Fins are bony appendages.
    • Muscles control fins on appendages.
    • Coelacanths are an example, known for "walking" on the ocean floor, which provides some context.
    • Discussion of three modern clades: Dipnoi (Lungfish), Actinistia (Coelacanths), and Tetrapoda (four-limbed vertebrates).
    • Non-tetrapod lobe-finned fishes are less diverse than ray-finned fishes, although there are higher fossil records of diversity.

    Tetrapodomorpha: Tetrapods and Relatives

    • Tetrapods are four-limbed vertebrates.
    • Discussion on the evolutionary developments and transitions to Tetrapods from Sarcopterygians through extinct groups like Eusthenopteron, Tiktaalik, Acanthostega, and Ichthyostega and related groups.

    Tetrapoda

    • Sarcopterygians develop four limbs (two pairs).
    • Forelimb consists of humerus, radius, ulna, and manus.
    • Hindlimb consists of femur, tibia, fibula, and pes.

    Tetrapod Body Plan

    • Features of the tetrapod skeleton are discussed, including the cranial skeleton (skull and mandible), and the axial skeleton (vertebrae).
    • Appendicular skeleton includes limbs and girdles.

    Tetrapod Body Plan Diversity

    • Discussion of diverse tetrapod body plans across different groups.

    Adaptations and Body Plans

    • Discussion of how adaptations influence body plan variations.

    Vertebrate Morphology

    • Focus is on the physical appearance of vertebrates across groups and changes over time.
    • Important to note that the details in vertebrate morphology are strongly linked to their environment.

    Form and Function

    • Overview of Taxonomy, Form, Function, Ecology, and Environment in relation to vertebrate morphology.
    • These factors determine how vertebrates look and function in their environments, including the physical interactions with their environment.

    The Laws of Physics and Body Plans

    • Vertebrate body plans reflect adaptations to physical laws, such as interactions with physical mediums which influence body structure and function, and how scale changes.

    Physical Constraints on Body Plans

    • Larger size presents constraints and challenges, such as impacting gravity effects, motion, consumption in a more demanding environment.

    Adaptations at Different Scales

    • Transitions between environmental regimes lead to changes related to general morphology and other physical traits such as in size and shape, respiration, locomotion, support, and more.

    Scaling: Theoretical Expectations of Changes in Size

    • Physical relationships and measures for length, area, and volume as they relate to size scale.
    • The study of how size affects properties and characteristics of organism, whether in terms of metabolic rate or related features.

    Scaling Factor

    • Understanding how different physical measurements relate to size based on isometry principles
    • Important in understanding how physical properties, for example, relate to size.

    Scaling Factor

    • Understanding the relationship between physical measurements and size.

    Scaling Factor – Log Scale

    • A log-scale is an approach used to illustrate multiplicative series in a more linear format for interpretation.
    • Interpretation is simpler.

    Expected Scaling Relationships in Biology

    • Relationships between length, area, volume, mass.
    • Understanding how different factors are inter-related

    Expected Scaling Relationships in Biology (Isometry, Allometry)

    • Isometry refers to scaling where two features scale in the same relationship.
    • Allometry is a disproportionate relationship - a positive scaling results in a more than expected relationship, while a negative scaling results in a less than expected relationship.

    Scaling in Biology

    • Relationships between measures in biology are often allometric.

    Why Allometry?

    • Metabolic constraints (energy needs to maintain organs, especially the brain, which is particularly expensive).
    • Scaling issues as size relates to cubic volume increase.
    • Positive allometry in locomotion efficiency (e.g., limbs in relation to reach).

    Size and Shape

    • How size constraints relate to shape.
    • Physical characteristics change in relation to larger mammals, and physical shapes in relation to size (consider the shape of a mouse skull versus an elephant skull).

    Limits on Size and Shape

    • Physical limitations, and how animals cannot necessarily be scaled up versions of smaller ancestors.
    • There are physics limitations that prevent scaling up structures by simply adjusting size in some organisms.

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    Related Documents

    BI2CV1 Lecture 4.2 - Form and Function PDF
    Skeletons Part 2 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the form and function of vertebrates based on their evolutionary development. This quiz covers key features of the vertebrate body plan and innovations throughout vertebrate evolution. Prepare to explore the phylogenetic relationships guiding vertebrate biology.

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