Comparative Police Systems

Comparative Policing

• Comparative means an estimate of relative likeness or unlikeness of objects or events
• Policing refers to maintaining peace, order, law enforcement, and community security by police officers.

Comparative Police System

• The comparative police system is a process that outlines the similarities and differences between police systems to gain insights in international policing.
• It is the science and art of investigating and comparing different nations' police systems and includes studying police organizations, training, and policing methods.
• This study involves comparing chosen police models and their associations with Interpol and UN bodies in combating transnational crimes.
• Comparing police systems allows learning from others' experiences, broaden cultural understanding, and tackle transnational crime challenges.

Comparing Methods

• Safari Method involves a researcher directly visiting another country
• Collaborative Method involves a researcher communicating with a foreign researcher

Globalization

• Globalization is a combination of transnational flow of people, production, investment, information, ideas, and authority.
• It involves increasing interdependence of countries, markets, communication, and ideas
• The process of globalization creates transnational markets, politics, and legal systems to establish and sustain a global economy
• Plays a role in integrating economies, societies, and cultures through communication, transportation, and trade network

The Effects of Globalization

• Industry: Creates a global market, where products can be bought and sold from anywhere in the world.
• Culture: Decreases the level of cultural diversity that once existed with the rise of western cultural norms
• Legislation: There has been an increase in the creation of international courts of justice, where individuals are able to stand trail in any part of the world
• Languages: With globalization, people may neglect their mother tongue and instead use English because they feel it makes them superior
• Information: Sharing information worldwide is now faster via the internet or live TV channels
• Finance: Easier to obtain via individuals and entities outside the country and there are institutions like the International Monetary Fund
• Politics: Powerful countries and figures can exert influence on a global scale

Effects of Globalization on Law Enforcement

• Law enforcers should protect people, and as a result of migration and open markets, there are new state-based human right threats to deal with.

Threats on Law Enforcement

• Increasing volume of human rights violations that are evident by genocide and mass killings
• Underprivileged groups can gain unfair access to global mechanism on law enforcement and security
• Conflict between nations
• Transnational criminal networks for drug trafficking, money laundering, and terrorism

Theories of Comparative Policing

• Alertness to Crime Theory: As a nation develops, people's alertness to crime increases
• Economic or Migration Theory: Crime is everywhere and results from unrestrained migration and overpopulation in urban ghettos and slums
• Opportunity Theory: Higher standards of living leads to carelessness with belongings and more opportunities for crime
• Demographic Theory: Based on events that cause a greater number of children being born
• Deprivation Theory: Progress occurs when expectations also increase
• Modernization Theory: Society becomes too complex
• Theory of Anomie and Synomie: Progressive lifestyles and norms leads to dissolving older norms

Theories of Police Service

• Home Rule Theory: Police officers are servants of the community or people
• Continental Theory: Police officers are servants of higher authorities

Concept of Police Service

• Old Police Service/Concept: Perceived police service as a suppressive group, with performance gauged by number of arrests
• Modern Police Service/Concept: Considers police as a line of defense, focused on preventing crime and using the absence of crime to determine effectiveness

Types of Police System

• Common Law Systems: Usually found in English-speaking nations like the US, England, Australia, and New Zealand; emphasize strong adversarial system and oral evidence
• Civil Law Systems: Primarily used in the European Union like in Sweden, Germany, France and Japan, distinguished by a strong inquisitorial system and gospel written law
• Socialist Systems: Attempts to rehabilitate offenders in places like Africa and Asia.
• Islamic Systems: Rooted in natural, customary, or tribal laws, with procedures and practices based on interpretations of the Koran

Comparative court system

• Adversarial: The accused is innocent until proven guilty
• Inquisitorial: The accused is guilty until proven innocent

Four Kinds of Societies in the World

• Folk-Communal Society: Few laws, lack of police specialization, and harsh punishments
• Urban-Commercial Society: Characterized by civil laws, specialized police forces, and inconsistent punishment.
• Urban-Industrial Society: Has codified laws and laws that prescribe good behavior, police specialize in handling property crimes.
• Bureaucratic Society: Has a system of laws with police focused on political crimes and terrorism.

Policing

• Policing is one of the most important tasks handled undertaken by the government
• Police are an crucial tool responsible for enforcing the law providing protection from crime

Basic Goals of Policing

• Enforce the law
• Preserve Peace
• Prevent Crime
• Protect civil rights and liberties
• Provide services

Three Styles of Policing (by James Q. Wilson)

• Watchman Style Policing focuses on maintaining peace without aggressive law enforcement, and ranking officers maintain a fair amount of control
• Legalistic Style is the opposite, and enforce the law with aggressive crime fighting, and make more arrests
• Service Style is normally found in lower crime suburban areas and focuses mainly on community service with some character traits of the other police styles

According to Structure

• Centralized Policing System is only one police force recognized in an entire country.
• Decentralized Policing System has independent police administration and operation from one state to another

According to approach

• Problem-Oriented Policing: Focuses on preventing crimes by tracking activities
• Intelligence-Led Policing: The use of technology in data collection to guide law enforcement and gather criminal information
• Reactive or Traditional Policing: Police respond to requests from community members
• Pro Active Policing: A combative police style in which patrol officers are pro active against criminal acts
• Predictive policing: Uses techniques to identify and respond to criminal activity
• Reassurance Policing: Enhancing a positive image of police to reassure the public
• Community Oriented Policing: Designed to bring police closer with the public and promote unity
• Democratic Policing: Police are held responsible to the law and the safety of the community

Methods of Policing

• SINGULAR MODEL has a single police force
• MULTIPLE MODEL has many police forces

PHILIPPINES

• Inside the MULTIPLE MODEL, police forces that have regions of power in which their functions do not overlap are MULTIPLE COODINATED
• When reverse is true, and many agencies overlap it is called MULTIPLE UNCOORDINATED

BRIEF HISTORY OF THE PHILIPPINE POLICING SYSTEM

• Ancient roots: Barangay chieftains would select young men to protect the barangay during the night
• SPANISH PERIOD: Carabineros de Seguridad Publica were organized in 1712, and armed with carbines. Guardrilleros/Cuardillo was a body of rural police, and Guardia Civil created by a Royal Decree in 1852
• AMERICAN PERIOD: Metropolitan Police Force of Manila created
• POST-AMERICAN PERIOD: The Police Act of 1966, also known as R.A. 4864 was created. PolCom, Police Commission was later renamed into the National Police Comission MARTIAL LAW PERIOD: The Integration Act of 1975, otherwise named P.D. 765 was put into place.

Post Martial Law Regime

• R.A. 6975 is otherwise known as the Department of the Interior and Local Government Act of 1990, enacted on December 13, 1990; reorganized the DILG and established the Philippine National Police, Bureau of Fire Protection, Bureau of Jail Management and Penology and the Philippine Public Safety College. and was reorganized again under R.A
• R.A 8551 is otherwise known as the Philippine National Police Reform and Regulations.

9. R.A 9708 further amends provisions to the education needed to be instated into the PNP

Important Filipino Personalities in the Evolution of Philippine Policing

• BGENRafaelCreme: The first Filipino chief of the Philippine Constabulary on December 17, 1917
• COL Antonio Torres: The first Filipino chief of police of the Manila Police Department in 1935
• COL Lamberto Javaiiera: The first chief of police of the Manila Police Department
• P/Dir Gen Cesar Nazareno: The first chief of the Philippine National Police

Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG)

• It was formally the Department of Local government, now named National Police Commission(NAPOLCOM), oversees PNP

London Metropolitan Police

• Organized in 1829 by Sir Robert Peel (Metropolitan Police Act of 1829)
• Largest police force in London
• finest police force around the world
• TOTALPOLICING is the motto of London Metropolitan Police
• The Commissioner is the highest rank, and Police Constable the lowest

United States of America

• City Police mainly responsible for enforcing laws
• the head of police departments is usually the Mayor
• NYPD is the city with the largest police force
• The powers of county police extend through the county, and they are lead by the sheriff

Who Appoints USA Police

• People State Police and headed by a commissioner or superintendent
• Troopers are the state police officers
• The state governor appoints the state police
• there are 50 of 51 states in the USA that do not have state police
• Federal police are responsible for enforcing their laws in the whole country USA
• FBI is a investigative branch for the United States department, they also handles cases involving stolen money

US Police Agencies

• New York City, it is where the first full time police force was organized in the United States
• New York Police Department is the largest police force in the United States
• Texas Rangers were created in response to colonization
• Boston Police Department, first modern department created
• Pennsylvania State, first state police entity
• Los Angeles Police Department became first to hire a woman police named Alice stebbins wells
• Chief of Police/Police Commissioner/Superintendent/Sheriff- is the highest ranks
• Officer/Deputy Sheriff/Corporal- are the lowest ranks

Canada

• Is policed by the Royal Canadian Mounted police or RCMP internally referred to as "the Force"
• It is the national police force of Canada is one of the most recognized in the world

Australia

• Australian Federal Police- Australia is a Federal State; it has only one police force for each of six states as well as for the and the Australian Federal Police is under Federal Police act of 1979

Hong Kong

• ROYALHONGKONGPOLICEFORCE(RHKPF) is the largest disciplined service under the Security

Taiwan

• NATIONAL POLICEAGENCY headquarters are Taipei City

Countries Around the World

• Indonesian National Police is known as police

ASEANPOL

• ASEAN Chiefs of National Police
• 1981 (Manila)- The first formal meeting of The
• Chiefs of ASEAN Police Attended by 5 original member countries: Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Indonesia, and Thailand FIVE OTHER MEMBERS

1. Brunei 4. Vietnam
2. Cambodia 3. Laos
3. Myanmar

Organization of ASEANPOL

• ASEANAPOL EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE- Comprise of deputy heads of delegation attending the annual ASEANAPOL conference.
• ASEANAPOL PERMANENT SECRETARIAT- Is on rotational basis with member countries, taking the spot to host annually Europol is a the law agency of the European Union (EU) formed in 1998 to handle criminal intelligence and combat serious international organised crime and terrorism.
• (International Association of Chiefs of Police) is the world's oldest and largets law enforcement agency for officer

Interpol

• Interpol Is the police forces organization that primarily manifest global or international cooperation in addressing transnational crime and world's largest police and helps the create a safer world by supporting crime fighting with 195 countries
• Its Logo has a globe, olive branches, a sword and scales which indicate worldwide activity, peace, police action and justice

Interpol Structure

• GENERALASSEMBLY- supreme body, it meets annually and includes delegates
• EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE- Consisting of 13 members elected by the
• Organization uses four languages that four officials

Interpol Notices

• Red notice means to seek arrest of individuals for extradition
• Blue notice to obtain information on a person of interest
• Green Notice- to warn about a person's criminal activities if that person is considered
• 4. Yellow Notice- to help locate missing persons, often minors, or to help identify
• Black Notice- a notice issued to seek information on unidentified bodies.
• Orange Notice- to warn of an event, a person,
• Purple Notice- issued to provide information

United Nations(UN)

• Coined by Winston Churchill and Franklin D.
• The Aims of the United Nations is To keep peace throughout the world, To develop friendly relations between nations, To work together to help people live better lives, to eliminate poverty, The five permanent members of the security consol include: China, France, Russia, United Kingdom, and the United States PARTICIPATION OF PNP PERSONNEL IN UNPEACEKEEPING MISSION
• SECONDMENT- The movement of an employee from is to a department or agency
• AGEREQUIREMENT- Must not be less the ages of old 25 and 53

NATO (The North Atlantic Treaty)

• It purpose was to secure peace in Europe with The Principle of Collective Defense

Transnational and Organized Crimes

• TRANSNATIONAL CRIMES-violations of law that involve more than one country in their planning, execution, or impact. TRANSNATIONAL ORGANIZED CRIMES- perpetuated by organized criminal group and crossing of borders Examples of Transnational Crimes include Money laundering, Drug trafficking, Terrorism, Human trafficking, Cyber crime.
• EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 265- Creating the OSETC for a stronger campaign to prevent crime
• EXECUTIVE ORDER NO. 62, that created A Philippine Center to prevent crime