30 Questions
What type of cells are found in the superficial layer of articular cartilage?
Small, flattened chondrocytes
How are the chondrocytes oriented in the superficial layer of articular cartilage?
Parallel to the articular surface
Which zone of articular cartilage contains mineralized tidemarks?
Mineralized zone
What is the function of synovial fluid in the joint space?
Lubricates and protects the joint surface
Which structure lines the inner surface of the fibrous capsule in the joint?
Synovial membrane
What is the composition of Sharpey's fibers found in the joint capsule?
Type I collagen fibers
What distinguishes organs according to the text?
Specific cells and different tissue constituents
How are organs classified based on their morphology?
As tubular and parenchymatous
What is a distinguishing feature of a tubular organ?
It has a lumen and a wall with four coats or tunics
How many coats or tunics form the wall of a tubular organ?
Four coats or tunics
What do organs form from according to the text?
Various combinations of basic tissues
How are several organs with similar functions grouped according to the text?
To form an organ system
What separates the dura mater from the arachnoidea in the spinal cord?
Subdural space
What characterizes the middle meninges in terms of composition?
Fibrous collagen network
Which layer is described as composed of a thin layer of DWFCT?
Dura mater
What type of tissue covers the pia mater?
Simple squamous epithelium
In the spinal cord, what fills the epidural space?
Adipose tissue and loose connective tissue
Where is epidural anesthesia typically administered?
Epidural space
Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains the principal integrating neurons of the cerebellum?
Middle Purkinje cell layer
Where do the dendrites of the Purkinje cells extend to?
Outer molecular layer
What is the function of the granule cells in the inner granular layer?
To pass signals to the parallel array of fibers in the molecular layer
Which layer of the cerebellar cortex contains closely packed small neurons called granule cells?
Inner granular layer
What type of information do the Purkinje cells receive inputs from?
Proprioceptor organs, visual cues, and sound information
What happens to the axons of the Purkinje cells after they descend into the cerebellar medulla?
They form nerve fiber tracts that relay information to other parts of the CNS
What structure is part of the blood-brain barrier and is formed by the foot processes of astrocytes?
Glia limitans
Which type of cells in the choroid plexus are overlaid by simple cuboidal CSF secretory epithelial cells?
Capillaries
What type of cells in the choroid plexus have a brush border (microvilli) to increase the surface area for CSF secretion?
Cuboidal secretory cells
Which structure is produced by the choroid plexus and fills the brains ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space?
Cerebrospinal fluid
What is the main function of the cerebrospinal fluid?
Acting as a hydraulic cushion of the CNS
What part of the peripheral nervous system includes the nerve trunks, accumulations of peripherally positioned neuronal cell bodies, and neuronal terminals?
Peripheral nervous system
Study Notes
Articular Cartilage
- Divided into four zones: superficial (surface), intermediate (transitional), deep, and mineralized
- Superficial zone has small, flattened chondrocytes with long axes parallel to the articular surface
- Intermediate zone has round cells in various maturational stages, arranged in columns perpendicular to the articular surface
- Deep zone has mature and hypertrophic cells
- Mineralized zone occurs at the union with the underlying epiphyseal compact bone (subchondral zone)
Articular or Joint Capsule
- A sleeve-like structure covering each end of a cartilage model that enters into the joint and extends along the sides of the model
- Consists of two layers: fibrous capsule and synovial membrane
- Fibrous capsule is fibroelastic connective tissue that forms the wall of the joint space or cavity
- Synovial membrane is epithelium and underlying connective tissue that line the inner surface of the fibrous capsule
- Synovial fluid is a fluid that fills the joint space, a blood transudate with glycosaminoglycans, particularly hyaluronic acid, secreted by the lining cells of the synovial membrane
- Lubricates and protects the joint surface and provides nourishment to the articular cartilage
Nervous Structures
- Myoneural junction or motor endplate
- Dura mater: a thin layer of dense woven fibrous connective tissue (DWFCT) in the spinal cord
- Epidural space: filled with adipose tissue and loose connective tissue, veins, and is the site of administration of epidural anesthesia
- Subdural space: separates dura mater from arachnoidea
- Arachnoidea: a delicate, nonvascular, cobweb-like network of collagen fibers
- Pia mater: a very thin and delicate, vascular loose connective tissue with interlacing bundles of collagen and elastic fibers, covered by simple squamous epithelium
Organization of Organs
- Organs form from various combinations of basic tissues
- Specific cells, different tissue constituents, and unique geometric patterns are distinguishing features of organs
- Organs classified based on morphology as tubular and parenchymatous
- Tubular organs have a hollow lumen and a wall with four coats or tunics: mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, and serosa/adventitia
Cerebellar Cortex
- Consists of three layers: outer molecular layer, middle Purkinje cell layer, and inner granular layer
- Outer molecular layer contains few small neurons and unmyelinated nerve fibers
- Purkinje cells are the principal integrating neurons of the cerebellum, receiving inputs from proprioceptor organs, visual cues, and sound information
- Granule cells pass signals into the parallel array of fibers in the molecular layer
- Purkinje cell axons descend into the cerebellar medulla to form nerve fiber tracts, relaying information to other parts of the CNS
Choroid Plexus
- A complex, tortuous loop or tuft of capillaries that protrudes into the CSF-filled brain ventricles
- Overlaid by simple cuboidal CSF secretory epithelial cells joined by zonula occludens to maintain the integrity of the blood-brain barrier
- Produces the CSF, which fills the brain ventricles, central canal of the spinal cord, and subarachnoid space
- Acts as a hydraulic cushion of the CNS and helps in the nutrition of the nervous tissue by transporting metabolites
Test your knowledge on the organization of organs and organ systems in veterinary medicine. Learn about the formation of organs from basic tissues, distinguishing features of organs, and classification based on morphology. Get ready to explore the world of organ structures!
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