Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the opening of the parotid duct in the horse?
What is the opening of the parotid duct in the horse?
- Level of the 2nd cheek teeth
- Level of the 1st cheek teeth
- Level of the 3rd cheek teeth (correct)
- Level of the 4th cheek teeth
Which layer of the esophagus is the innermost?
Which layer of the esophagus is the innermost?
- Tunica adventitia/serosa
- Tunica submucosa
- Tunica mucosa (correct)
- Tunica muscularis
What is the type of muscle found in the esophagus of a dog?
What is the type of muscle found in the esophagus of a dog?
- Smooth muscle
- Cardiac muscle
- Striated muscle (correct)
- Skeletal muscle
What is the type of muscle found in the last part of the esophagus of a pig?
What is the type of muscle found in the last part of the esophagus of a pig?
What is the type of muscle found in the first two-thirds of the esophagus of a horse?
What is the type of muscle found in the first two-thirds of the esophagus of a horse?
What is the main function of the small intestine?
What is the main function of the small intestine?
What is the name of the structure in the horse's stomach that is formed by the extended fundus?
What is the name of the structure in the horse's stomach that is formed by the extended fundus?
What is the reason horses cannot vomit?
What is the reason horses cannot vomit?
What is the main function of the jejunum?
What is the main function of the jejunum?
Which part of the small intestine is fixed in position by a short mesoduodenum in horses and ruminants?
Which part of the small intestine is fixed in position by a short mesoduodenum in horses and ruminants?
What allows the jejunum in horses to have a considerable degree of mobility?
What allows the jejunum in horses to have a considerable degree of mobility?
What is the defining feature that distinguishes the jejunum from the ileum?
What is the defining feature that distinguishes the jejunum from the ileum?
What can happen to the ileum in horses if its nervous supply is disrupted?
What can happen to the ileum in horses if its nervous supply is disrupted?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the large intestine?
Which of the following is NOT a part of the large intestine?
Which of the following is a part of the colon?
Which of the following is a part of the colon?
Where is the caecum located in the abdomen?
Where is the caecum located in the abdomen?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
What is the main function of the respiratory system?
Which of the following animals has unmodified skin with some tactile hairs surrounding the nostrils?
Which of the following animals has unmodified skin with some tactile hairs surrounding the nostrils?
What is a notable feature of the integument around the nostrils in most domestic mammals?
What is a notable feature of the integument around the nostrils in most domestic mammals?
Which gland is associated with the pancreas in some animals?
Which gland is associated with the pancreas in some animals?
In which part of the respiratory system does gaseous exchange occur?
In which part of the respiratory system does gaseous exchange occur?
Where is the liver located in the abdomen?
Where is the liver located in the abdomen?
What is a notable variation in the upper respiratory tract of domestic mammals?
What is a notable variation in the upper respiratory tract of domestic mammals?
Which of the following lobes is absent in horse?
Which of the following lobes is absent in horse?
What is the shape of the pancreas in ruminants?
What is the shape of the pancreas in ruminants?
What is the function of the pancreas?
What is the function of the pancreas?
Which pancreatic duct is also known as the Duct of Santorini?
Which pancreatic duct is also known as the Duct of Santorini?
What is the shape of the pancreas in dogs?
What is the shape of the pancreas in dogs?
Which part of the pancreas is absent in horses?
Which part of the pancreas is absent in horses?
In which animal is the left lobe of the pancreas larger?
In which animal is the left lobe of the pancreas larger?
What is the total number of teeth in a dog's permanent dentition?
What is the total number of teeth in a dog's permanent dentition?
Which species has the same number of permanent incisor teeth as a cat?
Which species has the same number of permanent incisor teeth as a cat?
What is the total count of teeth in the deciduous dentition of a pig?
What is the total count of teeth in the deciduous dentition of a pig?
Which animal has no teeth as indicated in the dental formula?
Which animal has no teeth as indicated in the dental formula?
In the permanent dentition of a horse, how many canine teeth are present?
In the permanent dentition of a horse, how many canine teeth are present?
What distinguishes a ruminant's deciduous dentition from a dog's?
What distinguishes a ruminant's deciduous dentition from a dog's?
How many molars does a cat have in its permanent dentition?
How many molars does a cat have in its permanent dentition?
Which animal has the highest total number of teeth in its permanent dentition?
Which animal has the highest total number of teeth in its permanent dentition?
What is the total number of premolars in a horse's permanent dentition?
What is the total number of premolars in a horse's permanent dentition?
What number represents the total deciduous teeth of a ruminant?
What number represents the total deciduous teeth of a ruminant?
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Study Notes
Dental Formula
- Deciduous dentition:
- Dog: 3/3, 1/1, 3/3, 0/0, 28
- Ruminant: 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 0/0, 20
- Horse: 3/3, 0/0, 3/3, 0/0, 24
- Pig: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 0/0, 32
- Cat: 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 0/0, 26
- Birds: No teeth
- Permanent dentition:
- Dog: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 2/3, 42
- Ruminant: 0/4, 0/0, 3/3, 3/3, 32
- Horse: 3/3, 1/1, 3(4)/3, 3/3, 40-42
- Pig: 3/3, 1/1, 4/4, 3/3, 44
- Cat: 3/3, 1/1, 3/2, 1/1, 30
Salivary Glands
- Parotid salivary gland
- Mandibular salivary gland
- Sublingual salivary gland
- Opening of parotid duct:
- Horse: level at the 3rd cheek teeth
- Sublingual gland:
- Horse: Only polystomatic part is present
Mouth and Pharynx
- Esophagus:
- Four layers: tunica mucosa, tunica submucosa, tunica muscularis, tunica adventitia/serosa
- Dog and ruminant: entirely striated
- Pig: striated at only near cardia, smooth muscle/caudal part
- Horse: striated at the first 2/3
- Stomach:
- Major divisions: cardiac, fundus, body, pyloric
- Horse:
- Small compared to other species
- Fundus is extended to form the saccus caecus
- Well developed cardiac sphincter
- Oblique entrance of esophagus, inability to vomit
Intestine
- Small intestine:
- Begins at the pylorus and ends at the caecocolic junction
- Three parts: duodenum, jejunum, ileum
- Main functions: digestion, absorption
- In horse, duodenum is fixed in its position by a short mesoduodenum
- Jejunum:
- In horse, most of the jejunum is found within the left dorsal part of the abdomen
- A considerable degree of mobility is provided to the jejunum by its long mesentery
- Ileum:
- The distinction between the jejunum and the ileum is defined by the proximal extent of the ileo-caecal fold
- In horse, dysfunction of the nervous supply to the ileum leads to a permanent contraction of the muscular coat of the ileum, which can result in impaction and thus colic
- Large intestine:
- From caecum to anus
- Three parts: caecum, colon, rectum
- Horse: horseshoe shaped colon
Liver
- Location: right half of the abdomen
- Four main lobes: left hepatic lobe, right hepatic lobe, caudate lobe, quadrate lobe
- Comparison between species:
- Dog: papillary process is present
- Horse: papillary process is absent, lack gallbladder, right hepatic lobe is undivided
Pancreas
- Location: dorsal part of the abdominal cavity in close relationship to the proximal part of the duodenum
- Three parts: body of the pancreas, right lobe, left lobe
- Comparison between species:
- Dog: letter V
- Horse: massive and triangular
- Pig: left lobe is larger
- Ruminant: irregular to quadrilateral in shape
- Presence or absence of pancreatic duct/accessory duct:
- Pancreatic duct: duct of Wirsung
- Accessory pancreatic duct: duct of Santorini
Respiratory System
- Upper respiratory tract:
- Nose: hairless and sharply demarcated from the unmodified skin in all domestic mammals except in horse
- Variation in shape of nostrils between species
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