Community Trials in Health Research
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Community Trials in Health Research

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)?

  • To evaluate tooth mobility in patients
  • To measure pocket depth in periodontal disease
  • To gauge the incidence of plaque accumulation
  • To assess gingival health based on bleeding observations (correct)

    • Which of the following statements is true about the Papilla Bleeding Index (PBI)?

  • It only assesses the bleeding tendency of the gingival margin
  • It was developed by Muhlemann and Son in 1971
  • It requires evaluation of both the papilla and margin of the gums (correct)
  • It does not allow for immediate evaluation of a patient's condition

    • What type of setting is the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI) primarily suited for?

  • Public health studies in various populations
  • Individual practice application on a routine basis (correct)
  • Research laboratories focusing on periodontics
  • Community health programs

    • How is gingivitis incidence calculated using the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)?

    <p>As a percentage of affected (bleeding) units</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which observation is NOT usually included in the assessment with the Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)?

    <p>Probing depth measurements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a Score 1 on the Plaque Index?

    <p>Thin film of plaque visible only when scraped with an explorer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indices measures plaque-free surfaces as a percentage?

    <p>Interdental Hygiene Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue when conducting community trials for periodontal studies?

    <p>Defining what constitutes a 'moderate' result is subjective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which index was developed by Russel in 1956?

    <p>Periodontal Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used to visualize plaque during the assessment process?

    <p>Air drying</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Score 0 indicate in the Plaque Index?

    <p>No plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which index assesses the presence of bleeding from the sulcus?

    <p>Gingival Bleeding Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines the assessment method in the Hygiene Index?

    <p>Use of visual observation only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is another name for calculus?

    <p>Tartar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of calculus is typically located below the crest of the marginal gingiva?

    <p>Subgingival calculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does supragingival calculus typically appear?

    <p>Creamy white to brownish</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is associated with subgingival calculus?

    <p>Firmly attached to the tooth surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of crystal is octacalcium phosphate most likely to form?

    <p>Platelet-like crystals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color is subgingival calculus frequently described as?

    <p>Dark brown or greenish black</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of calculus is visible in the oral cavity?

    <p>Only supragingival calculus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How quickly can brushite be identified in calculus?

    <p>Not older than 2 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical consistency of supragingival calculus?

    <p>Claylike</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences the degree of calculus formation?

    <p>Salivary gland secretion and bacterial plaque</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does subgingival calculus typically extend in individuals with chronic periodontitis?

    <p>Near the base of periodontal pockets</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the primary mineral components found in dental calculus?

    <p>W and HA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which surfaces are the most common locations for diploma calculus development?

    <p>Lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How much of dental calculus is composed of inorganic components?

    <p>70-90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to supragingival plaque when it mineralizes?

    <p>It forms OCP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is true regarding the formation of HA and W in saliva?

    <p>W forms in the presence of high Ca/P ratio</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the Papilla Bleeding Index specifically measure?

    <p>Bleeding from the interdental areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which index is considered sensitive because it measures even small amounts of plaque?

    <p>Papilla Bleeding Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following grades indicates no bleeding on probing in the Gingival Index?

    <p>Grade 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major limitation of the Hygiene Index?

    <p>It cannot distinguish the degree of plaque accumulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which index is internationally recognized for use in epidemiological studies?

    <p>Gingival Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What grade indicates severe inflammation and spontaneous hemorrhage in the Gingival Index?

    <p>Grade 3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which index focuses solely on bleeding occurrence from tooth surfaces?

    <p>Gingival Index Simplified</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs?

    <p>It includes specific measurements for treatment needs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which grade in the Gingival Index indicates no gingival inflammation?

    <p>Grade 0</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scoring system potentially overlooks nuances in plaque accumulation?

    <p>Hygiene Index</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the criteria for Grade 1 in the Gingival Index?

    <p>Mild inflammation with slight color change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Periodontal Disease Index is primarily designed for which purpose?

    <p>For epidemiological studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Gingival Index, what is an indicator of moderate inflammation?

    <p>Erythema and mild swelling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates a need for treatment according to the Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs?

    <p>Bleeding on probing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Plaque Visualization

    • Plaque can be visualized through air drying; it is not stained.
    • Community Trials assess effectiveness through entire communities, focusing on factors like accessibility, cost, and culture.
    • Study scores indicate plaque presence, ranging from score 0 (no plaque) to score 3 (heavy plaque accumulation).

    Indices Used in Periodontal Disease Studies

    • Multiple indices measure various factors related to periodontal health:
      • Periodontal Index (Russel, 1956)
      • Oral Hygiene Index (OHI, Greene and Vermillion, 1960)
      • Plaque Index (PI, Silness and Loe)
      • Interdental Hygiene Index (HYG)
      • Hygiene Index (HI)
      • Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)
      • Gingival Index (GI)
      • Gingival Index Simplified (GI-S, Lindhe, 1981)
      • Gingival Bleeding Index (GBI, Ainamo, 1975)
      • Papilla Bleeding Index (PBI)
      • Ramfjord Teeth
      • Periodontal Disease Index (PDI)
      • Community Periodontal Index of Treatment Needs (CPITN)

    Interdental Hygiene Index (HYG)

    • Records percentage of plaque-free surfaces; evaluated with a binary decision regarding stained plaque.
    • Sensitive index that measures both small and large plaque quantities, particularly in interdental areas.

    Gingival Index (GI)

    • Scored based on inflammation on the facial, lingual, and medial surfaces.
    • Comprised scores from no inflammation (Grade 0) to severe inflammation (Grade 3).

    Hygiene Index (HI)

    • Measures plaque on all tooth surfaces; provides a dichotomous yes/no result.
    • Limited for individual patients due to its coarse scoring system, which risks information loss regarding plaque accumulation.

    Sulcus Bleeding Index (SBI)

    • Evaluates bleeding from the sulcus post-probing; reflects gingival health (no bleeding indicates health).
    • Originally designed for routine individual practice rather than broader epidemiological use.

    Papilla Bleeding Index (PBI)

    • Focuses on immediate evaluation of gingival condition based on bleeding from papillae.

    Dental Calculus

    • Composed of mineralized bacterial plaque forming tartar on teeth and prostheses.
    • Types:
      • Supragingival Calculus: Located above the gingival margin, visible, typically creamy white or yellow.
      • Subgingival Calculus: Below the gingival margin, not visible during clinical exams, often dark or greenish-black.

    Characteristics of Calculus

    • Supragingival calculus consists of materials that detach easily but may rapidly recur.
    • Subgingival calculus is hard, firmly attached, and typically extends towards the base of periodontal pockets in chronic cases.

    Composition of Dental Calculus

    • Inorganic content constitutes 70-90% of dental calculus, with various mineral forms including hydroxyapatite and brushite.

    Formation and Influences on Calculus

    • Formation depends on bacterial plaque amounts and salivary gland secretions.
    • Common locations for supragingival calculus include the buccal surfaces of maxillary molars and lingual surfaces of mandibular anterior teeth.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the concept of community trials and their effectiveness compared to clinical trials. It examines the subjective nature of measuring outcomes and the various factors that affect community-based studies such as accessibility, cost, and culture.

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