Community Term Definitions

Community Term Test 2 Overview

• Covers content from weeks 8-13
• 50 questions in True/False, Fill in the Blank, Short Answer, and Select All That Apply formats
• It is important to understand the definitions of culture, ethnicity, nationality, race, and religion

Week 9 Definitions

• Culture is a broad term encompassing language, communication, and community development.
• Ethnicity refers to common language, culture, country of origin, ancestry, and intersects with identities such as culture and religion.
• Nationality describes where people live or their citizenship, sometimes referring to country of origin and can include citizenship, or former years in a country.
• Race is used to stratify people, has no scientific meaning, and is used to justify racist notions of the supremacy of whiteness.
• Religion are faith-based practices, rituals, and beliefs based on superhuman agency, spirituality and faith.

Week 8

• Consider the aspects of culture, whether implicit or tacit.
• Implicit Culture: Suggested but not directly communicated, like gestures or feelings, and are "unwritten rules" people understand without being told.
• Tacit Culture: Understood without being communicated directly, like knowledge learned through experience rather than instruction.
• Statistics Canada estimates that First Nations, Metis and Inuit communities in Canada will exceed 2.5 million persons in the next two decades.
• The healthy immigrant effect is when immigrants arrive in countries like Canada, New Zealand, and Australia in relatively good health, but their health declines over time
• Foreign-born minority women are most vulnerable to health decline.
• Erosion of the healthy immigrant effect is caused by acculturation, adopting unhealthy diets or sedentary lifestyles.
• Stressors can also cause decline, such as discrimination, underemployment, or social isolation.
• Barriers to healthcare includes language, cost, or unfamiliarity with the healthcare system.

New Immigrant Challenges

• New immigrants face challenges like language barriers and racism, affecting job opportunities and access to healthcare.
• Episodic treatment affects health promotion and proactivity.
• Social isolation and experiences as refugees can be triggers for PTSD.
• New Canadians may need to wait 3 months for provincial health coverage.

Race: Scientific vs. Cultural Definitions

• Culture includes language, communication, relationships with the land, food, rituals, art, customs, beliefs, and attitudes.
• There is absolutely no scientific basis for race, social structure that justifies racist notions.

Racialization in Healthcare

• Racialization in healthcare involves racial profiling, which can lead to inaccurate assessments and derogatory categorization.

Oppression Cycle

• Understanding the cycle of oppression helps understand how stereotypes and prejudice lead to systemic oppression.
• The cycle starts with stereotypes, leading to prejudice, then discrimination, and finally systemic oppression.
• Discrimination is the action or inaction based on prejudice, and oppression is discrimination backed by unconscious systemic power.

Cultural Competence, Safety, and Humility

• Cultural competence means nurses plan effective interventions that address specific health needs, and is a lifelong process.
• Cultural safety is effective practice with clients from another culture, addresses power dynamics, and promotes feeling safe approaching healthcare services.
• Cultural humility extends culturally safe care through self-reflection.

Racism in Nursing

• Racism can show up as barriers to health equity and social justice, through culture, values, applying racism to nursing, teaching about race, racism, and health through settler privilege.
• Settler privilege can offer invisible advantages across a lifespan.

Ecological Determinants of Health

• Ecological determinants of health are necessary to sustain all life forms on earth.
• These include interacting the atmosphere, oceans, and terrestrial surfaces, also "natural goods and services”.
• Indigenous traditional knowledge about the ecosystems is linked to land and place of community, reflects diversity, and is an ancestral relationship with land and wisdom.

Susceptibility to Weather and Environmental Extremes

• Children exposed to pesticide exposure in residential areas.
• Older adults are vulnerable to extreme heat waves.
• First Nations people are exposed to inadequate housing that exposes them to overcrowding, mold, or unsafe drinking water.
• The Two-Eyed Seeing overcomes the western dualistic thinking and opens relationship possibilities within the environment.

Week 9: Neoliberalism

• Neoliberalism is a policy model encompassing politics and economics, transfers economic factor controls from the public sector to the private.
• Ex. Group homes run privately, funded by the government.
• Neoliberal policies impact community resources, create poverty, and impact racialized populations.
• Policies shift public services into private hands, which reduces access to low-income communities, turn basic needs into profit-driven commodities, undermine community control and accountability.
• Racialized populations are more likely to be poor due to public spending, gentrification and displacement.

Rural vs. Urban Poverty

• Rural poverty is more isolated, less visible, with few social safety nets.
• Urban poverty is more populated and visible.

Low-Income Cut Off (LICO)

• A relative measure of how a family might need to spend 20% more of their income than the average family on food, shelter, and clothing before and after taxes.
• It compares to families around the LICO area.

Market Basket Measure

• Market Basket Measures show absolute income level required for a family of two adults and two children to afford a specific set of goods and services, like food, clothing, and shelter.

Food Security Upstream Interventions

• Advocacy for increased minimum wage
• Increased social assistance
• Affordable housing and childcare

Mental Health Challenges

• Chronic oppressed groups such as;
• Women, Indigenous, visible minorities, LGBTQ, homeless, refugees, persons with disabilities

Impacts of Bullying

• Trauma – informed approach should be used to view trauma as injury, prioritizing

Suicide Rates

• First Nations
• 40-59 age group
• LGBTQ+

Week 10 Overview

Definitions

• Aboriginal is a colonial term created by the Canadian federal government that encompasses all First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples.
• Colonial refers to the power of settlers over indigenous people.
• Indigenous are people native to a land whose descendants are used to uphold HR and promote across countries in the world.
• First Nations refers to what resides South of the Artic of Canada.
  • Members of First Nations are either “ status Indians or non-status Indians.
  • Artic Indigenous people are the Inuit.
• Metis are the identified mixed-race descendants of early unions between First Nations and colonial European settlers during the 18th and 19th centuries.
  • French is the language of the first peoples.

Cultural Safety

• Cultural safety builds reflective practices grounded in a strength-based approach that honors Indigenous people.
• Role is to support their rights, their health and well-being through nursing with respect and dignity, and have a key role in the narrative and inequities created from stigmatization.

Healthcare for FNMI Populations

• FNMI populations get their acute Healthcare services from what is integrated with the Canadian health care system.
  • Hospitals are a provincial responsibility.
• First Nations and Inuit health branches provide services for the First Nations people living on reserves.

On-reserve Housing

• On-reserve housing is often subpar and has a high rate of tuberculosis.

Urban vs. Rural Life Expectancy

• People who live in Urban areas are found to have higher life expectancies than Rural.
  • Better access to healthcare.
  • Better infrastructure.
  • More access to education.
  • Public health programs.

Week 11 Overview

• Inmates in Canada are entitled to the same level of healthcare as non-incarcerated individuals.
• As per the corrections and Conditional Act incarcerated people are entitled to health care in accordance with professional and community standards. Levels of Prevention are a part of the review.
• Primordial prevention (newest)
• Primary is preventing somebody from getting a disease,
• Secondary determine a disease early as possible
• Tertiary prevent the disease from worsening, and involves comfort measures
  • Correctional Nurses only deal with the 3 highlighted levels of prevention (Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary).
• Quaternary prevention is focused on overmedicalization.

The John Howard Society

• The John Howard Society support neighbours, protect communities and rebuild lives.
  • It offers assistance to communities impacted by a justice system.

Week 12: Commonly Abused Substances

• Commonly abused substances are marijuana, alcohol, prescription drugs, and nicotine.
• Smoking is the leading cause of death in Ontario for the last 20 years.

Canada’s Drug and Substances pillars.

• What are the pillars?
  • Harm reduction, prevention, and treatment

Contributors to Abuse.

• Interpersonal violence
• Military
• Incarceration
• Concurrent disorders

Public Stigma

• Negative attitudes and stereotypes from society label substance users as morally weak and dangerous, or criminals.

Self Stigma

• Society’s negative feedback can cause people to feel a sense of worthlessness and low motivation to seek treatment and help.

Structural Stigma

• Healthcare policies within institutions that restrict access to programs and treatment.

Courtesy Stigma

• Stigma to anyone that surrounds someone with addiction.

Harm Reduction

• Programs designed to reduce drugs and reduce the side effects with out the user having to quit completely

Week 13 Overview

• Differences between man-made disasters and a natural disaster.
• When an epidemic becomes a pandemic?
• Bioterrorism is a disaster.
• What is agent orange and when was it used and where?
• Importance of emergency prep and Canada’s health agency.
• Phases of agency management.
• Importance of awareness to disease and health.
• What is the leading cause of death in the world.
• What is true or false, and what it’s preventative when the mother is pregnant and has appropriate Healthcare support and access?