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Questions and Answers
What are the three types of community pharmacies mentioned in the content?
Sole proprietorship, franchise, chain pharmacy
Which of the following is NOT a role of a pharmacy technician as mentioned in the content?
Prescriptions classified as 'Federal legend' require a prescription before dispensing.
True
Under the Combat Methamphetamine Act, products containing pseudoephedrine must be purchased under __________ supervision.
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Match the following prescription information with their respective categories:
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What does MTM stand for?
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Home health care services are more expensive than hospital treatments.
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Pharmacy technicians in long-term care services are responsible for repackaging and labeling ____.
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What does OBRA 90 require in relation to patient counseling?
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Pharmacy technicians are legally permitted to counsel patients.
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What is the responsibility of the pharmacy technician in prescription payment?
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Which of the following components are included in the superscription of a prescription?
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Which pharmacy personnel can administer immunizations?
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What does the term 'Signatura' refer to in the context of a prescription?
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Day’s supply = total quantity dispensed / total quantity taken per ____
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If a prescriber authorizes a generic drug to be dispensed, the pharmacy technician will dispense the brand name instead.
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Study Notes
Community Pharmacy Practice
- Types of community pharmacies:
- Sole proprietorship: Independent pharmacy, services provided depend on pharmacist, location, and patient population.
- Franchise: Authorization to operate under a well-known trade name, e.g. Medicine Shoppe, Good Neighbor Pharmacy.
- Chain pharmacy: Corporate-owned, standardized business practices, e.g. CVS, Walgreens.
Role of the Pharmacy Technician
- Provide customer service, take information needed to fill a prescription, and answer phone calls.
- Input data into pharmacy information system, including patient and prescriber information.
- Compound prescriptions, perform calculations, and prepare medication for dispensing.
- Package and label prescriptions, count and select medications, and apply labels.
- Organize inventory, alert pharmacists to shortages, and perform pharmacy housekeeping tasks.
Prescription Laws and Regulations
- Prescriptions: Orders for medication issued by licensed practitioners, including physicians, dentists, and nurse practitioners.
- Classifications of medications: Prescription or over-the-counter (OTC), with or without prescription.
- Federal legend: No dispensing without a prescription.
- Combat Methamphetamine Act: Restrictions on OTC medications containing pseudoephedrine.
E-Prescribing
- Computer transfer of prescription data, including messages, refill requests, and prescription fill status.
- Involves multiple participants in the healthcare system.
- Advantages: Reduces errors, enables prescribers to receive drug-specific dosing information, and expedites refills.
Prescription Information
- Necessary information: Patient name, address, DOB, allergies, physical condition, prescription drug card info, and list of medications.
- Patient profile: Includes prescription history, allergic reactions, and medication list.
Prescriber Information
- Prescriber's name, office address, telephone number, DEA number, and license number.
Prescription Processing
- Intake: Verifying patient and prescriber information.
- Data entry: Entering medication, supply, and directions for use.
- Refills: Entering approved number of refills from prescriber.
- Generic substitutions: Dispensing generic medication if authorized.
Prescription Drug Benefits
- Prescription drug benefit: Defines drug coverage provided to the member.
- Prescription drug card: Contains group number, subscriber number, and person code.
Medication
- Entering medication information: Name, strength, quantity, and number of refills.
- Calculating day's supply: Total quantity dispensed divided by total quantity taken per day.
Direction for Use
- Begins with a verb, identifies dosage form, and indicates route of administration.
- No abbreviations, uses everyday language.
Prescription Refills
- Entering approved number of refills from prescriber.
- "PRN" refills: Handling "as needed" refills.
Generic Substitution
- Dispensing generic medication if authorized.
- "Dispense as written" or "brand name medically necessary" in certain states.
Dispense as Written (DAW) Codes
- Numeric codes used when entering prescriptions into the computer.
- Correct use ensures proper reimbursement.
Prescription Adjudication
- Electronic submission of prescription to third-party provider for reimbursement.
- Rejection may occur due to medication not covered, refill requested too soon, or invalid card holder.
Drug Utilization Evaluation (DUE)
- Prospective drug use review, comparing medications in profile.
- Evaluates factors such as drug overutilization, therapeutic duplication, and drug-drug interactions.
Scanning the Prescription and Prescription Labeling
- Digital copy of prescription available upon refill.
- Labeling includes name, address, phone number, prescription number, and directions for use.
Auxiliary Labels
- Additional information for patients, such as best time to take medication, potential side effects, and reminder to discard medication.
Patient Product Information
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Ensures patients have information for proper use, including clinical pharmacology, indications, and use.
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Includes contraindications, warnings, and precautions.### Prescription Preparation
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Count dosage in multiples of five to prevent errors.
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Clean the counting tray after each use to prevent contamination.
Packaging the Prescription
- Various types of medication containers are used in community pharmacies:
- Round vials for solid dosages (tablets, capsules, caplets)
- Prescription bottles for liquids
- Dropper bottles for ophthalmic, otic, nasal, or oral liquids
- Applicator bottles for topical medications
- Ointment jars and collapsible tubes for ointments, creams, and gels
- Containers are amber in color to protect medication from sunlight.
- Containers can be made of plastic or glass.
- The Poison Prevention Packaging Act (PPPA) requires safety closures on containers.
Checking the Prescription
- The pharmacist is responsible for checking the final prescription before dispensing.
- Verification includes:
- Patient's name
- Prescription's directions for use
- Prescription number
- Date
- Prescriber's name
Filling Prescriptions
- The pharmacy's information system maintains an electronic record of all filled and refilled prescriptions.
- The pharmacy is required by law to maintain a "hard copy" of the prescription.
- The Controlled Substances Act provides for two methods of filing prescriptions:
- Three separate files for schedule II, III, IV, and V controlled substances, and non-controlled drugs.
- Two separate files for schedule II controlled substances and all other drugs.
Patient Counseling
- OBRA 90 requires an offer to counsel every patient who receives a new prescription.
- The pharmacist is responsible for identifying and resolving problems involved with medication use.
- Only the pharmacist is legally permitted to counsel a patient.
Prescription Payment
- Payment options are typically cash, check, or credit card.
- The pharmacy technician is often responsible for collecting payment.
Prescription Refilling
- Refills can be done electronically or by fax.
- The pharmacy technician may contact the prescriber's office for authorization.
- A refill request should include:
- Patient's name and phone number
- Prescription name, number, and strength
- Physician's name
- Refills are treated as new prescriptions and begin with data entry.
Transferring a Prescription
- Transferring a prescription requires:
- Date and all information for the receiving pharmacy
- Name of the pharmacist and number of refills
- National Association of Boards of Pharmacy (NABP) and DEA number of the receiving pharmacy
- This information must be recorded by both the transferring and receiving pharmacies.
Pharmacy Layout
- Typical areas in a pharmacy include:
- Intake window area
- Bench (pharmacy work area)
- Stock area
- Non-sterile or sterile compounding area
- Pharmacy order check-in area
- Reconstitution area
- Pharmacy layout can vary depending on the pharmacy.
Communication
- Effective communication is essential in pharmacy practice.
- Communication involves:
- Verbal and non-verbal communication
- Active listening
- Empathy
- Clarity and concision
Interacting with the Pharmacist
- Communication with the pharmacist should be:
- Clear and concise
- Based on proper terminology
- Empathetic
- Patient-centered
Elderly Patients
- Elderly patients may:
- Experience chronic conditions
- Process information at a slower rate
- Have bodily changes or hearing impairments
- Have difficulty with communication
- Communication strategies for elderly patients include:
- Using simple sentences
- Avoiding medical jargon
- Using written information
Mentally and Terminally Ill Patients
- Mentally ill patients may:
- Not want to speak with the pharmacist
- Have a poor self-image
- Be hesitant to interact with others
- Staff may have difficulty relating to mentally ill patients.
- Terminally ill patients need supportive relationships.
Patients with Health Literacy Issues
- Health literacy is the ability to read, understand, and act on health care information.
- Low health literacy is a major health care issue.
- Pharmacy staff should be aware of patients with health literacy issues and adapt communication strategies accordingly.
Caregivers
- Caregivers play a crucial role in patient care.
- Pharmacy staff should demonstrate empathy and understanding towards caregivers.
- Caregivers may have difficulty discussing certain topics.
- Pharmacy staff should develop trustworthiness by being friendly, ethical, and fair.
Customer Service
- Customer service is essential in pharmacy practice.
- Pharmacy staff should provide information to maximize therapeutic effects of medications.
- The five rights of medication administration are:
- Right patient
- Right medication
- Right time
- Right dose
- Right route of administration
Working with Health Care Teams
- Pharmacy staff should:
- Maintain a professional appearance
- Stay up-to-date with pharmacy knowledge
- Be efficient and accurate
- Help out when needed
Immunizations
- Immunizations can only be administered by pharmacists.
- Pharmacy technicians can help with:
- Documentation
- Billing
- Reporting adverse events
- Obtaining cardiopulmonary resuscitation training and certification
Medication Therapy Management (MTM)
- MTM is a comprehensive service that includes:
- Patient assessment
- Comprehensive medication review
- Formulating a medication treatment plan
- Monitoring efficacy and safety
- Enhancing medication adherence
- Documenting and communicating MTM services
Home Health Care
- Home health care is defined as health care services and health-related products provided to the patient at home.
- Home health care services are offered for various reasons, including:
- The growing need for elderly patients
- Patient preference
- Cost-effectiveness
- Maintenance of independence
- Advancements in technology
Long-Term Care Services
- Some community pharmacies have contracts with long-term care facilities to provide medications.
- Long-term care services include:
- Sub-acute care facilities
- Correctional facilities
- Assisted living facilities
- Board and care homes
- Pharmacy technicians may be responsible for:
- Entering computer data
- Repackaging and labeling medication
- Packaging and labeling prescriptions
- Ordering and stocking medications and supplies
- Processing returned medications
- Maintaining repackaging equipment
- Providing necessary forms to the long-term care facility
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Description
This quiz covers the different types of community pharmacies, the role of pharmacy technicians, state laws and regulations, and assessing prescription orders. It's a part of the community pharmacy practice course.