NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 2 - Medium

Health Promotion and Risk Reduction

• The goal of health promotion is to educate patients and populations on factors influencing health.
• Awareness of modifiable (e.g., lifestyle choices) and non-modifiable (e.g., genetics) risk factors is crucial for effective health communication.

Health Literacy

• Personal Health Literacy: An individual's ability to access, interpret, and use health information effectively.
• Organizational Health Literacy: A healthcare organization's ability to present information and services in a manner that is understandable and accessible to diverse populations.

Health Promotion Theories

• Pender’s Health Promotion Model emphasizes the role of biopsychosocial factors in adopting healthy behaviors.
• The Health Belief Model focuses on perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy as key drivers in health behavior change.

Transtheoretical Model

• Behavior change is a gradual process, involving stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.
• Understanding the Decisional Balance construct aids in patient education by weighing pros and cons of behavior change.

Sleep Needs by Age

• Sleep requirements vary by age group:
  • Newborns: 10.5–18 hours
  • Toddlers: 12–14 hours
  • Teens: 8.5–9.25 hours
  • Adults: 7–9 hours

Preventative Screenings

• Lipid Panel Tests:
  • Total Cholesterol: Normal < 200 mg/dL
  • LDL Cholesterol: Normal 100-129 mg/dL
  • HDL Cholesterol: Men ≥ 40 mg/dL, Women ≥ 50 mg/dL
  • Triglycerides: Normal < 150 mg/dL
• Screening recommendations:
  • Adults: Fasting lipid profile
  • Risk Factors: Annual tests for those with CAD risk
  • Adolescents: Ages 9-11

Inflammatory Markers and Cardiovascular Health

• High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) measures chronic inflammation linked to cardiovascular disease progression.
• Inflammation contributes to plaque formation and instability in arteries.

Blood Pressure

• Normal blood pressure: Less than 120/80 mm Hg.
• Hypertension stages:
  • Elevated: Systolic 120-129 mm Hg, Diastolic 80-89 mm Hg
  • Stage 1: Systolic 130-139 mm Hg, Diastolic 80-89 mm Hg
  • Stage 2: Systolic ≥ 140 mm Hg, Diastolic ≥ 90 mm Hg
  • Crisis: Systolic ≥ 180 mm Hg, Diastolic ≥ 120 mm Hg
• Screening: Adults should have routine checks starting at age 18.

Diabetes Management

• Normal blood glucose levels:
  • Fasting: 80-130 mg/dL
  • Postprandial: < 180 mg/dL
• Importance of early cancer screening, particularly for colorectal cancer, for improving treatment outcomes.

Communication Strategies for Screenings

• Methods to convey screening recommendations include:
  • Informative websites
  • Educational materials (brochures, posters)
  • Community outreach
  • Use of electronic health records for reminders

Healthy Diet Recommendations

• Protein sources:
  • Plant-based: Beans, lentils, tofu
  • Animal-based: Chicken, fish, eggs
• Healthy fats:
  • Monounsaturated: Olive oil, nuts
  • Polyunsaturated: Fatty fish, flaxseeds
• Fats to avoid: Saturated (red meat, full-fat dairy) and trans fats (processed foods).
• Importance of fiber: Soluble (oats, legumes) and insoluble (whole grains, vegetables).

Nutrition for Health Management

• Lowering LDL: Increase fiber, opt for unsaturated fats, limit fried foods.
• Strategies for hypertension: Adopt DASH diet, reduce sodium, maintain regular exercise.

Lifestyle Changes to Improve Lipid Levels

• Reducing saturated and trans fats decreases Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL).
• Increasing soluble fiber, from sources like oats and fruits, helps lower cholesterol absorption.
• Consuming fatty fish or flaxseed enhances Omega-3 fatty acids, raising High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and lowering triglycerides.
• Regular aerobic exercise (walking, cycling, running) boosts HDL and decreases LDL.
• Weight management contributes to lowering total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while improving HDL.
• Smoking cessation improves HDL levels and reduces overall cardiovascular risk.

Development and Progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

• CAD arises from narrowed arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
• Initial phase involves endothelial damage caused by risk factors: high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and elevated cholesterol.
• Accumulation of LDL leads to inflammation and formation of fatty streaks, progressing to foam cells.
• Sustained fatty streak development creates fibrous plaques that narrow arteries.
• Unstable plaques can rupture, resulting in blood clots and potential heart attacks.

Health Belief Model (HBM) Key Concepts

• Perceived Susceptibility: Belief in the likelihood of developing a condition.
• Perceived Severity: Belief in the seriousness of a condition.
• Perceived Benefits: Belief in the effectiveness of actions to reduce risks.
• Perceived Barriers: Belief in the costs associated with taking action.
• Cues to Action: Environmental strategies that trigger readiness for change.
• Self-Efficacy: Confidence in one’s ability to take action against health risks.

Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

• Behavior change is a gradual process involving specific stages.
• Individuals may resist change due to factors like discomfort, pleasure, pain, stress, or social implications.
• Recognizes that change can be challenging, even for highly motivated individuals.

Decisional Balance in Patient Education

• This construct involves weighing pros and cons of change, helping patients identify motivation and barriers.
• Fosters informed decision-making about health actions.

Smoking and Health Risks

• Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing around 438,000 annual deaths.
• It significantly contributes to cancers of the lung, bladder, esophagus, and more.
• Over 16 million Americans suffer from diseases linked to smoking, affecting nearly every organ.
• Smoking economic burden totals approximately $170 billion per year in healthcare and lost productivity.

Diabetes Screening and Management

• Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c): Measures average blood glucose over three months; higher levels indicate poorer glucose control.
• Pre-Diabetes Criteria:
  • Fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
  • A1c: 5.7-6.4%
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 140-199 mg/dL after 2 hours.
• Diabetes Criteria:
  • Fasting blood glucose: ≥125 mg/dL
  • A1c: ≥6.5%
  • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: ≥200 mg/dL after 2 hours.

Lifestyle Changes to Prevent or Manage Diabetes

• Adoptions of a balanced diet and exercise routine.
• Weight management and medication adherence are essential.
• Regular blood glucose monitoring is critical for effective diabetes management.

Recommendations for Cancer Screening

• Mammograms:
  • Women 45-54 should screen annually.
  • Women 40-44 can choose to start screenings annually.
  • Women 55+ should screen every two years.
• Colorectal Cancer Screening:
  • Begin at age 45, continue to age 75 with possible extensions to age 85 based on patient history.

Importance of Colon Cancer Screening

• Early detection of colorectal cancer allows for better treatment outcomes.
• Regular screenings can expose precancerous polyps before developing into cancer.
• Many cases progress without symptoms, making screenings crucial for at-risk populations.

Recommended Diet for Health

• Protein Sources:
  • Plant-based (beans, tofu) and animal-based (chicken, fish).
  • Dairy options like non-fat milk or yogurt.
• Healthy Fats:
  • Advocate unsaturated fats (olive oil, avocados).
  • Avoid saturated (red meat) and trans fats (processed foods).
• Fiber Sources:
  • Soluble (legumes, oats) and insoluble (grains, nuts).
• Carbohydrates:
  • Differentiate between simple (sugary) and complex (grains, legumes) carbohydrates.

Strategies for Communicating Screenings

• Utilize various platforms such as websites, brochures, and patient education during appointments.
• Leverage electronic health records for reminder systems and reminders through apps or social media.

Explore the essential theories of health promotion and risk reduction in Community Health Nursing. This quiz focuses on planning educational strategies for patients and populations, as well as understanding risks associated with modifiable and non-modifiable factors, based on Nies & McEwen's Chapter 4.