NURS 4530 Active Learning Guide Module 2 - Medium
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of personal health literacy?

  • The ability to access and understand healthcare information (correct)
  • The effectiveness of healthcare policies
  • The availability of health services to the public
  • The ability of healthcare organizations to provide information

    • Which model is primarily used for guiding health education and promotion activities?

  • Pender’s Health Promotion Model
  • Social Cognitive Theory
  • Transtheoretical Model
  • Health Belief Model (correct)

    • What does organizational health literacy ensure for individuals?

  • Access to comprehensive health insurance coverage
  • Understanding of medical terminology
  • Capacity to synthesize and utilize health information (correct)
  • Ability to communicate effectively with providers

    • Which of the following best describes modifiable risk factors?

    <p>Lifestyle choices that can be changed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the HP2030 overarching goals primarily aimed at?

    <p>Improving health outcomes for all populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of health promotion, what is the purpose of screening recommendations?

    <p>To identify individuals at risk and address health needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Pender’s Health Promotion Model contribute to health promotion?

    <p>By examining biological, psychological, and social influences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor in the communication of risk to patients for health promotion?

    <p>The ability to tailor information to individual needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of current smokers express a desire to quit smoking?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age range do most people typically start smoking?

    <p>18-25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for total cholesterol levels in the blood?

    <p>Less than 200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended sleep duration for adults?

    <p>7-9 hours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol levels?

    <p>100-129 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age group should receive a fasting lipid profile test according to population-based screening recommendations?

    <p>Adults only</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT part of a standard lipid panel?

    <p>Blood Pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of high school-aged smokers have attempted to quit at least once?

    <p>50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the normal HDL cholesterol range for women?

    <p>50 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is the normal range for triglycerides in the blood?

    <p>Less than 150 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does perceived susceptibility refer to in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>One's belief regarding the chance of getting a given condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes perceived severity in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>One's belief regarding the seriousness of a given condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is self-efficacy as defined in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>One's confidence in one's ability to take action to reduce health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the Transtheoretical Model, what does the precontemplation stage indicate?

    <p>The individual has no intention to take action in the next 6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the concept of cues to action involve?

    <p>Environmental strategies that promote readiness to take action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might individuals resist making behavior changes according to the Transtheoretical Model?

    <p>Changes can involve unpleasant, painful, or social challenges</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of perceived benefits in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Belief in the ability of an action to reduce health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What element relates to the tangible and psychological costs of an advised action?

    <p>Perceived barriers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement BEST describes the decisional balance construct in the Stages of Change?

    <p>The assessment of pros and cons related to behavior change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of the Transtheoretical Model involves actively planning and preparing for behavior change?

    <p>Preparation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key benefit of early screening for colon cancer?

    <p>It can identify precancerous polyps before cancer develops.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a source of monounsaturated fats?

    <p>Olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrates is known to cause rapid spikes in blood sugar levels?

    <p>Simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To lower low-density lipids (LDL), which dietary change should be made?

    <p>Increase fiber consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method can be used to effectively communicate screening guidelines to the public?

    <p>Electronic Health Records reminders.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle factor is least associated with the accumulation of plaque in the arteries?

    <p>Regular exercise</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a high-sensitivity C-reactive protein test specifically measure?

    <p>Levels of hs-CRP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is least likely to lower chronic inflammation levels?

    <p>Increased saturated fat intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the systolic blood pressure range for Stage 2 hypertension?

    <p>140 mm Hg or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which scenario should adults start routine blood pressure checks according to guidelines?

    <p>At age 18</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended action to manage blood pressure according to the information provided?

    <p>DASH diet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of inflammation in coronary artery disease (CAD)?

    <p>It contributes to dysfunction of endothelial cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal fasting blood glucose range?

    <p>80-130 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended method to lower blood pressure?

    <p>Increase trans fat intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these factors can contribute to chronic inflammation?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lifestyle change is most effective for improving High Density Lipids?

    <p>Incorporating aerobic exercise into daily routine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the development of coronary artery disease?

    <p>Endothelial damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary change can help reduce Low Density Lipids?

    <p>Reducing saturated and trans fats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does smoking cessation play in managing cardiovascular health?

    <p>It helps improve High Density Lipids and reduces cardiovascular risk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a fatty streak in the arteries?

    <p>Accumulation of Low Density Lipids and macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can weight management impact lipid levels?

    <p>Reducing excess weight can lower total cholesterol and improve High Density Lipids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily leads to the inflammation necessary for atherosclerosis development?

    <p>Endothelial damage from various risk factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common consequence of plaque rupture in the arteries?

    <p>Formation of a blood clot leading to a heart attack</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does perceived barriers refer to in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>One's belief regarding the tangible and psychological costs of an advised action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of the Transtheoretical Model, which stage involves no intention to change behavior in the next 6 months?

    <p>Precontemplation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of the Transtheoretical Model describes strategies or conditions that activate readiness to take action?

    <p>Cues to action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes perceived severity in the Health Belief Model?

    <p>One's belief regarding the seriousness of a condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does self-efficacy in the Health Belief Model refer to?

    <p>Belief in one's ability to take appropriate health actions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a common reason for resisting behavior change, according to the Transtheoretical Model?

    <p>Fear of the social consequences of change</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the decisional balance construct in the Stages of Change?

    <p>Evaluating the pros and cons of changing behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the Health Belief Model relates to the belief in the ability of an advised action to reduce risk?

    <p>Perceived benefits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does perceived susceptibility indicate within the Health Belief Model?

    <p>The chances of developing a specific health condition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a tangible barrier to taking health action?

    <p>Cost of medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main benefit of early screening for colon cancer?

    <p>It can identify precancerous polyps before they develop.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following sources is high in monounsaturated fats?

    <p>Olive oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of carbohydrate is associated with rapid spikes in blood sugar?

    <p>Simple carbohydrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dietary change is recommended to help lower low-density lipids (LDL)?

    <p>Increase unsaturated fat intake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is least effective for communicating screening information to the public?

    <p>Ignoring patient education during visits.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a non-modifiable risk factor for heart disease?

    <p>Genetic predisposition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors most significantly contributes to the higher smoking rates among adults?

    <p>Living below the poverty level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What area in the United States generally has the lowest smoking rates?

    <p>Western</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the impact of smoking on lung cancer?

    <p>About 90% of lung cancers in men and 80% in women are attributable to smoking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the economic impact of smoking in the U.S.?

    <p>Costing approximately $170 billion annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did public understanding of health risks change during the early phase of the COVID pandemic?

    <p>Conflicting information about mask usage created confusion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many Americans are currently living with a disease caused by smoking?

    <p>Over 16 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What proactive process allows individuals to address threats to their health?

    <p>Risk reduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is most likely to influence risk communication?

    <p>Public's understanding of health risks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does hemoglobin A1c primarily measure?

    <p>The percentage of glucose attached to hemoglobin over a span of three months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the A1c range that indicates pre-diabetes?

    <p>5.7% to 6.4%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition may lead to elevated triglyceride levels?

    <p>High blood glucose levels due to insulin resistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the recommended screening frequency for women aged 45-54 for mammograms?

    <p>Annually</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what fasting blood glucose level is diabetes diagnosed?

    <p>125 mg/dL or higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical lifestyle change to help manage diabetes?

    <p>Regular physical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is considered in extending colorectal cancer screening in patients beyond 75 years?

    <p>Patient medical history</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recommended lifestyle change to prevent diabetes?

    <p>Medication non-adherence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which blood glucose level after 2 hours indicates a person has diabetes in the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test?

    <p>200 mg/dL</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered a normal A1c percentage?

    <p>5.0% to 5.6%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Health Promotion and Risk Reduction

    • The goal of health promotion is to educate patients and populations on factors influencing health.
    • Awareness of modifiable (e.g., lifestyle choices) and non-modifiable (e.g., genetics) risk factors is crucial for effective health communication.

    Health Literacy

    • Personal Health Literacy: An individual's ability to access, interpret, and use health information effectively.
    • Organizational Health Literacy: A healthcare organization's ability to present information and services in a manner that is understandable and accessible to diverse populations.

    Health Promotion Theories

    • Pender’s Health Promotion Model emphasizes the role of biopsychosocial factors in adopting healthy behaviors.
    • The Health Belief Model focuses on perceptions of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy as key drivers in health behavior change.

    Transtheoretical Model

    • Behavior change is a gradual process, involving stages: Precontemplation, Contemplation, Preparation, Action, and Maintenance.
    • Understanding the Decisional Balance construct aids in patient education by weighing pros and cons of behavior change.

    Sleep Needs by Age

    • Sleep requirements vary by age group:
      • Newborns: 10.5–18 hours
      • Toddlers: 12–14 hours
      • Teens: 8.5–9.25 hours
      • Adults: 7–9 hours

    Preventative Screenings

    • Lipid Panel Tests:
      • Total Cholesterol: Normal < 200 mg/dL
      • LDL Cholesterol: Normal 100-129 mg/dL
      • HDL Cholesterol: Men ≥ 40 mg/dL, Women ≥ 50 mg/dL
      • Triglycerides: Normal < 150 mg/dL
    • Screening recommendations:
      • Adults: Fasting lipid profile
      • Risk Factors: Annual tests for those with CAD risk
      • Adolescents: Ages 9-11

    Inflammatory Markers and Cardiovascular Health

    • High-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) measures chronic inflammation linked to cardiovascular disease progression.
    • Inflammation contributes to plaque formation and instability in arteries.

    Blood Pressure

    • Normal blood pressure: Less than 120/80 mm Hg.
    • Hypertension stages:
      • Elevated: Systolic 120-129 mm Hg, Diastolic 80-89 mm Hg
      • Stage 1: Systolic 130-139 mm Hg, Diastolic 80-89 mm Hg
      • Stage 2: Systolic ≥ 140 mm Hg, Diastolic ≥ 90 mm Hg
      • Crisis: Systolic ≥ 180 mm Hg, Diastolic ≥ 120 mm Hg
    • Screening: Adults should have routine checks starting at age 18.

    Diabetes Management

    • Normal blood glucose levels:
      • Fasting: 80-130 mg/dL
      • Postprandial: < 180 mg/dL
    • Importance of early cancer screening, particularly for colorectal cancer, for improving treatment outcomes.

    Communication Strategies for Screenings

    • Methods to convey screening recommendations include:
      • Informative websites
      • Educational materials (brochures, posters)
      • Community outreach
      • Use of electronic health records for reminders

    Healthy Diet Recommendations

    • Protein sources:
      • Plant-based: Beans, lentils, tofu
      • Animal-based: Chicken, fish, eggs
    • Healthy fats:
      • Monounsaturated: Olive oil, nuts
      • Polyunsaturated: Fatty fish, flaxseeds
    • Fats to avoid: Saturated (red meat, full-fat dairy) and trans fats (processed foods).
    • Importance of fiber: Soluble (oats, legumes) and insoluble (whole grains, vegetables).

    Nutrition for Health Management

    • Lowering LDL: Increase fiber, opt for unsaturated fats, limit fried foods.
    • Strategies for hypertension: Adopt DASH diet, reduce sodium, maintain regular exercise.

    Lifestyle Changes to Improve Lipid Levels

    • Reducing saturated and trans fats decreases Low-Density Lipoproteins (LDL).
    • Increasing soluble fiber, from sources like oats and fruits, helps lower cholesterol absorption.
    • Consuming fatty fish or flaxseed enhances Omega-3 fatty acids, raising High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL) and lowering triglycerides.
    • Regular aerobic exercise (walking, cycling, running) boosts HDL and decreases LDL.
    • Weight management contributes to lowering total cholesterol, LDL, and triglycerides while improving HDL.
    • Smoking cessation improves HDL levels and reduces overall cardiovascular risk.

    Development and Progression of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)

    • CAD arises from narrowed arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
    • Initial phase involves endothelial damage caused by risk factors: high blood pressure, diabetes, smoking, and elevated cholesterol.
    • Accumulation of LDL leads to inflammation and formation of fatty streaks, progressing to foam cells.
    • Sustained fatty streak development creates fibrous plaques that narrow arteries.
    • Unstable plaques can rupture, resulting in blood clots and potential heart attacks.

    Health Belief Model (HBM) Key Concepts

    • Perceived Susceptibility: Belief in the likelihood of developing a condition.
    • Perceived Severity: Belief in the seriousness of a condition.
    • Perceived Benefits: Belief in the effectiveness of actions to reduce risks.
    • Perceived Barriers: Belief in the costs associated with taking action.
    • Cues to Action: Environmental strategies that trigger readiness for change.
    • Self-Efficacy: Confidence in one’s ability to take action against health risks.

    Transtheoretical Model of Behavior Change

    • Behavior change is a gradual process involving specific stages.
    • Individuals may resist change due to factors like discomfort, pleasure, pain, stress, or social implications.
    • Recognizes that change can be challenging, even for highly motivated individuals.

    Decisional Balance in Patient Education

    • This construct involves weighing pros and cons of change, helping patients identify motivation and barriers.
    • Fosters informed decision-making about health actions.

    Smoking and Health Risks

    • Smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the U.S., causing around 438,000 annual deaths.
    • It significantly contributes to cancers of the lung, bladder, esophagus, and more.
    • Over 16 million Americans suffer from diseases linked to smoking, affecting nearly every organ.
    • Smoking economic burden totals approximately $170 billion per year in healthcare and lost productivity.

    Diabetes Screening and Management

    • Hemoglobin A1c (HgbA1c): Measures average blood glucose over three months; higher levels indicate poorer glucose control.
    • Pre-Diabetes Criteria:
      • Fasting blood glucose: 100-125 mg/dL
      • A1c: 5.7-6.4%
      • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: 140-199 mg/dL after 2 hours.
    • Diabetes Criteria:
      • Fasting blood glucose: ≥125 mg/dL
      • A1c: ≥6.5%
      • Oral Glucose Tolerance Test: ≥200 mg/dL after 2 hours.

    Lifestyle Changes to Prevent or Manage Diabetes

    • Adoptions of a balanced diet and exercise routine.
    • Weight management and medication adherence are essential.
    • Regular blood glucose monitoring is critical for effective diabetes management.

    Recommendations for Cancer Screening

    • Mammograms:
      • Women 45-54 should screen annually.
      • Women 40-44 can choose to start screenings annually.
      • Women 55+ should screen every two years.
    • Colorectal Cancer Screening:
      • Begin at age 45, continue to age 75 with possible extensions to age 85 based on patient history.

    Importance of Colon Cancer Screening

    • Early detection of colorectal cancer allows for better treatment outcomes.
    • Regular screenings can expose precancerous polyps before developing into cancer.
    • Many cases progress without symptoms, making screenings crucial for at-risk populations.
    • Protein Sources:
      • Plant-based (beans, tofu) and animal-based (chicken, fish).
      • Dairy options like non-fat milk or yogurt.
    • Healthy Fats:
      • Advocate unsaturated fats (olive oil, avocados).
      • Avoid saturated (red meat) and trans fats (processed foods).
    • Fiber Sources:
      • Soluble (legumes, oats) and insoluble (grains, nuts).
    • Carbohydrates:
      • Differentiate between simple (sugary) and complex (grains, legumes) carbohydrates.

    Strategies for Communicating Screenings

    • Utilize various platforms such as websites, brochures, and patient education during appointments.
    • Leverage electronic health records for reminder systems and reminders through apps or social media.

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