Lec 11: Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Which of the following is a physiological defense mechanism in the nasopharynx?

What is the role of the mucociliary apparatus in respiratory defense?

Where is IgA secretion a defense mechanism?

Which of these is a defense mechanism in the oropharynx?

Cough is a defense mechanism primarily located in the:

Which of the following is part of the host defense mechanisms in the lower respiratory tract?

What is the function of alveolar lining fluid?

Which of the following can impair pulmonary defenses?

Alcohol consumption impairs which pulmonary defense mechanisms?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae interfere with:

Respiratory viruses can inhibit which immune cell function?

What is the definition of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Diagnosis of CAP requires acute infection of pulmonary parenchyma and support from at least one of the following EXCEPT:

In the United States, the incidence of CAP is approximately how many episodes per 10,000 adults?

The incidence of CAP is higher in which age group?

Which of the following is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

COPD is a risk factor for CAP and falls under which category of risk factors?

Influenza virus is the most common cause of which type of infection related to CAP risk?

Smoking and alcohol abuse are risk factors for CAP because they lead to:

Crowded living conditions are a risk factor for CAP and fall under which category?

Which of the following is the most common bacterial cause of CAP?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is classified as which type of bacteria in CAP etiology?

Influenza viruses are categorized under which etiological agent for CAP?

Which of the following is considered an atypical bacterial cause of CAP?

Rhinoviruses are classified as:

In outpatient CAP, which of the following is a common etiological agent?

Which of the following is a systemic finding in clinical presentation of CAP?

Rales and ronchi are examples of which type of findings in CAP?

Lobar consolidation is a type of:

Diagnosis of CAP typically requires radiographic evidence and:

CURB-65 is a tool used for assessing:

In CURB-65, 'C' stands for:

A CURB-65 score of 0-1 indicates:

IDSA/ATS severity criteria for severe CAP include major and:

Respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min is considered which type of criterion in IDSA/ATS severity assessment?

Septic shock requiring vasopressors is considered a:

For outpatient CAP diagnosis, blood or sputum culture is generally:

For inpatient CAP diagnosis, blood or sputum culture is recommended if:

Severity of CAP is a factor to consider when selecting a drug regimen and is determined by:

For outpatient CAP treatment in patients without comorbidities, which antibiotic class is recommended?

For outpatient CAP treatment with comorbidities, which antibiotic class is recommended as monotherapy?

For inpatient, non-severe CAP, a recommended antibiotic therapy is:

Which of the following is a host defense mechanism present in the lower respiratory tract?

Which of the following can directly disrupt mucociliary function in the lungs?

What is the primary definition of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which age group generally has a higher incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is a significant risk factor for developing community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is identified as the most common bacterial cause of CAP?

Which of these viruses is most frequently associated with viral respiratory infections that increase the risk of CAP?

Which of the following physical exam findings are associated with CAP?

What is one of the key systemic findings observed in the clinical presentation of CAP?

Which diagnostic element is typically required in addition to clinical signs and symptoms for confirming CAP?

When should blood or sputum cultures be performed when diagnosing CAP as an inpatient?

Which is a key factor to consider when choosing an antibiotic regimen for CAP?

If an outpatient has no comorbidities, that which antibiotic class is frequently recommended for CAP?

What is a recommended treatment for inpatient, non-severe CAP?

According to current guidelines, when should treatment of influenza be initiated for best results?

According to current guidelines, whom should treament be offered for influenza?

What is the recommendation for annual flu vaccines?

What type of influenza is in influenza vaccines?

What is not a contradiction for live attenuated vaccine?

When do you see a rare bacterial bacterial co-pneumonia occurring in MERS-CoV?

Which of the following is a physiological defense mechanism primarily located in the conducting airways (trachea, bronchi)?

Disruption of the mucociliary escalator in the respiratory tract can be directly caused by which of the following?

A patient with altered consciousness is at increased risk of pneumonia because of:

Alcohol consumption increases the risk of pneumonia by impairing which of the following pulmonary defense mechanisms?

Which of the following factors related to Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection impairs pulmonary defenses and increases pneumonia risk?

What is the estimated annual incidence of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in the United States among adults?

Which age group exhibits the highest incidence rate of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a significant risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) because it primarily represents:

Influenza virus infection increases the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) primarily by:

Smoking and alcohol abuse are categorized as risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) because they lead to:

What is the most frequently identified bacterial pathogen in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Mycoplasma pneumoniae is classified as which type of etiological agent in the context of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Among respiratory viruses, which is the most common viral etiology associated with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

In an outpatient setting, which of the following is considered a common etiological agent for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Systemic findings in the clinical presentation of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) commonly include:

Rales and ronchi, identified during auscultation, are classified as which type of findings in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Lobar consolidation, as seen on chest X-ray, is categorized as which type of finding in community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) requires clinical signs and symptoms in addition to:

CURB-65 is a clinical prediction rule primarily used for assessing:

In the CURB-65 scoring system, 'C' stands for:

According to CURB-65, a score of 0-1 indicates:

According to IDSA/ATS severity criteria for severe CAP, respiratory rate ≥ 30 breaths/min is considered:

Septic shock requiring vasopressors to maintain blood pressure is categorized as:

For outpatient diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), blood or sputum culture is generally:

For inpatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), blood or sputum culture is recommended if:

Severity of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a crucial factor when selecting a drug regimen and is primarily determined by:

For outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients without comorbidities, which antibiotic class is typically recommended?

For outpatient treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in patients with comorbidities, which antibiotic class is recommended as monotherapy?

For inpatient, non-severe community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), a recommended antibiotic therapy is:

A 33-year-old male with a history of smoking and weekend alcohol use is diagnosed with outpatient CAP. He has no comorbidities. Which of the following is the MOST appropriate antibiotic choice?

In the context of influenza treatment for CAP prevention, when should antiviral treatment be initiated for best clinical outcomes?

According to current guidelines, influenza antiviral treatment should be offered to which of the following groups?

What is the current recommendation regarding annual influenza vaccination for the general population?

Current influenza vaccines are designed to protect against which types of influenza viruses?

Which of the following is NOT a contraindication for receiving the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)?

In the context of MERS-CoV infection, when is bacterial co-pneumonia most likely to occur?

Which of the following factors is MOST important to consider when transitioning a patient with CAP from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics?

For patients with uncomplicated community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) who respond well to treatment, what is generally the minimum recommended duration of antibiotic therapy?

In cases of suspected or confirmed MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa as causative agents in CAP, the recommended duration of antibiotic treatment typically is:

Which of the following is a newer aminomethylcycline antibiotic used in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Delafloxacin, a newer therapy for CAP, belongs to which antibiotic class?

Lefamulin, a newer agent for CAP treatment, represents which antibiotic class?

Ceftaroline, a newer antibiotic option for CAP, is classified as a:

Which of the following represents a physiological defense mechanism specific to the lower respiratory tract (terminal airways, alveoli)?

A patient with a history of alcohol abuse is admitted with suspected CAP. Which mechanism explains how alcohol consumption increases the risk of pneumonia?

Why does an alteration in the level of consciousness increase the risk of CAP?

In a patient with HIV, which factor contributes most significantly to impaired pulmonary defenses and increased CAP risk?

Which pre-existing condition poses the greatest risk for the development of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

How does a viral respiratory infection, such as influenza, primarily increase the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which intervention is MOST likely to prevent CAP in the general population?

If a clinician suspects that that a patient has CAP, what findings are needed to confirm the dx?

A patient presents with cough, fever, and radiographic evidence of lobar consolidation. Which pathogen classification is MOST likely associated with these findings in CAP?

What key information does the CURB-65 score provide for treating CAP?

A patient is diagnosed with CAP and has a CURB-65 score of 2. What is the next step?

Which of the following criteria is considered a major criterion for severe CAP according to the IDSA/ATS guidelines?

When treating CAP, what is the role of obtaining blood and sputum cultures?

How does the presence of comorbidities, such as heart disease or diabetes, influence the selection of antibiotic therapy for outpatient CAP?

A previously healthy 25-year-old patient is diagnosed with outpatient CAP. What antibiotic is the the MOST appropriate first-line therapy?

A patient with CAP has been receiving intravenous antibiotics in the hospital and is now clinically improving. What is the MOST important requirement to switch the therapy to oral antibiotics?

A patient is diagnosed with influenza A. According to guidelines, when should antiviral treatment be initiated for the BEST clinical outcome?

A 70-year-old patient should be treated for influenza if: (Select the single BEST option)

How do current influenza vaccines work to protect against the flu?

In what scenario is bacterial co-pneumonia MOST commonly observed in cases of MERS-CoV infection?

In the context of host defense mechanisms against CAP, which of the following processes occurs in the lower respiratory tract?

Which of the following best describes how cigarette smoking impairs pulmonary defenses, increasing the risk of CAP?

A patient with esophageal reflux is at an increased risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), because of:

Which of the following is the most accurate statement concerning individuals with HIV and their risk of developing CAP?

Which of the following is a key factor that differentiates community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) from other types of pneumonia?

How does recent influenza infection elevate the risk of developing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following strategies offers the greatest potential for reducing the incidence of CAP in the general population?

To confirm a diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) clinically, which specific findings are essential?

A patient presents with CAP, exhibiting lobar infiltrates and consolidation on chest X-ray. Which pathogen type is most likely the causative agent?

For patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), what is the primary utility of the CURB-65 score?

A patient with CAP receives a CURB-65 score of 2. Based on this score, which is the most appropriate clinical decision?

Which of the following is considered a major criterion for severe CAP according to the IDSA/ATS guidelines?

In the management of CAP, when should blood and sputum cultures be specifically obtained?

How do comorbidities most significantly influence the selection of antibiotic therapy for outpatient CAP?

A previously healthy 25-year-old patient is diagnosed with outpatient CAP. The most appropriate first-line antibiotic therapy would be:

A patient with CAP has been receiving intravenous (IV) antibiotics and is now clinically improving. What is a critical requirement for switching to oral antibiotics?

A patient tests positive for influenza A. According to current guidelines, when should antiviral treatment be initiated for the BEST clinical outcome?

If a 70 year-old patient tests positive for inflenza, which of the following criteria represents the BEST recommendation to prescribe antiviral tratement?

How do current influenza vaccines elicit protection against influenza infections?

In the context of MERS-CoV infection, when is bacterial co-infection most commonly observed?

Which factor is most important when transitioning a patient with CAP from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics?

For CAP patients showing good response to treatment, antibiotic duration is usually how long?

The recommended antibiotic treatment duration for MRSA or Pseudomonas aeruginosa related CAP is:

A patient with a history of alcohol abuse is admitted with suspected CAP. Why does alcohol consumption increase the risk of pneumonia?

Which intervention is MOST likely to prevent CAP?

Which of the following mechanisms in the lower respiratory tract relies on secreted proteins to opsonize pathogens, facilitating phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages?

A patient recovering from a stroke exhibits decreased epiglottic closure and impaired cough reflex. Which of the following consequences is MOST directly associated with these impairments concerning CAP?

An 80-year-old patient presents with new-onset confusion, cough, and dyspnea. The patient's daughter reports that the patient has had a decreased appetite and has been weaker than usual for the past 3 days. Based solely on this information, which of the following CURB-65 scores would be MOST applicable?

A patient with CAP is diagnosed with Legionella pneumophila. Reviewing their medication list, which of the following drugs would warrant concern and influence antibiotic selection?

In managing a patient with severe CAP caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), according to the IDSA/ATS guidelines, which statement BEST encapsulates the recommended approach?

An immunocompromised patient is diagnosed with CAP and is not responding to initial antibiotic therapy. Sputum cultures reveal a co-infection with Streptococcus pneumoniae and influenza A virus. Which statement BEST reflects the therapeutic strategy?

A 68-year-old male with a history of COPD, presents with cough, fever, and dyspnea. His initial CURB-65 score is 2, and he is started on intravenous antibiotics in the hospital. After 48 hours, he is clinically stable, afebrile, and tolerating oral intake. Which factor is MOST critical in the transition of his care from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics?

A 50-year-old male patient without comorbidities is diagnosed with outpatient CAP. The local pneumococcal resistance rate to macrolides is 20%. Which statement BEST aligns with the IDSA/ATS guidelines for initial antibiotic selection?

A 72-year-old female, with comorbidities of hypertension and well-controlled type 2 diabetes, is diagnosed with CAP as an outpatient. She has a known allergy to penicillin. Which regimen is MOST appropriate?

In response to an outbreak of a novel influenza strain in a long-term care facility, which strategy represents the MOST effective approach to minimize the spread of the virus and prevent CAP among residents?

Following a surge in MERS-CoV cases, a hospital faces limited resources and diagnostic capabilities. Bacterial co-pneumonia is suspected in several patients. Which factor would be MOST helpful in guiding empiric antibiotic therapy decisions?

Which statement accurately describes how cigarette smoking impairs pulmonary defenses, increasing the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

An older adult patient with a history of frequent aspiration events due to esophageal reflux is admitted to the hospital with suspected CAP. If a bacterial etiology is suspected, which ONE of the following organisms is MOST concerning?

A 30-year-old patient with well-managed HIV presents to the clinic with fever, cough, and shortness of breath. Compared to an HIV-negative individual, which statement about his risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is MOST accurate?

In comparing CAP between the elderly and younger populations, which factor is MOST responsible for the elderly having a distinct presentation?

Why does influenza A often lead to community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CAP)?

Which tactic is MOST effective in reducing CAP cases?

To confirm a CAP dx, which two criteria are ESSENTIAL?

When bacterial co-infection is seen MERS-CoV infection, which organisms are MOST concerning?

A patient has been stable and afebrile for 60 hours after they presented with CAP infection in the hospital. After reviewing, their creatinine level is at 3.3 mg/dL. The most significant factor to consider when transitioning from IV to PO after this patient's improvement is: