Lec 11- Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)

Which of the following is a defense mechanism found in the upper airways?

IgA secretion is part of the host defense mechanisms in which location?

Which of the following mechanisms is a defense of the conducting airways?

Where are alveolar macrophages primarily located?

Which action impairs pulmonary defenses?

According to the lecture, what can cigarette smoke disrupt when referring to pulmonary defenses?

What is a typical effect of alcohol consumption on pulmonary defenses?

What is a consequence of recurrent pneumonia listed in the lecture?

What is Iatrogenic manipulation?

How is Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) best defined?

Compared to younger adults, what is the incidence of CAP in older adults?

Per the lecture, what is the most common symptoms associated with CAP?

Besides a physical exam, what testing can be performed do diagnose CAP?

According to the lecture, what is one of the most common viral etiologies of CAP?

How are CAP patients diagnosed?

Patients are considered for empiric treatment if:

What is the time duration that empiric treatment should be ?

What should patients be treated for if suspected of MRSA or P. aeruginosa?

What determines if patients should be given empiric treatment? (Select all that may apply)

What is a recommended therapy for influenza?

Which of the following is a risk factor for community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Common bacterial organisms frequently associated with CAP include:

A patient presents with cough, fever, and shortness of breath. Which additional finding would support a diagnosis of CAP?

Which of the following is a common clinical presentation for CAP?

In the context of CAP, what is the primary goal when selecting an appropriate antibiotic?

Which of the following should be considered for CAP?

What is an atypical Bacteria that is linked to causing CAP?

What is a risk factor for CAP?

What is a systemic finding for CAP?

Which drug is an anti-influenza medication?

What is not a characteristic that describes CAP?

What are common gram-negative bacteria to be aware of?

What is a rare bacterial infection that can be acquired with MERS-CoV?

Which influenza vaccine is not for pregnant women?

Which is treatment for influenza and chemoprophylaxis?

Which of the following is a component of the influenza vaccines?

Which mechanism supports the diagnosis of CAP

If prior tests show a positive MRSA result, what is the next step?

What are the vaccines shown for COVID-19?

Which of the following is a function of turbinates in the upper airways?

In which part of the respiratory system is cough a defense mechanism?

What type of cells are present in conducting airways?

What does the acronym BALT of the host defense mechanism stand for?

What can colonization of the upper respiratory tract lead to?

What condition does alcohol abuse compromise that would lead to ineffective pulmonary defense?

What is a possible effect of respiratory viruses on pulmonary defenses?

What action may predispose a patient to infection?

Which range represents the incidence of CAP found in older adults aged 65-79 years per 10,000?

What is required to support the diagnosis of CAP?

According to the data, what percentage of Streptococcus pneumoniae cases are found in CAP?

Which of the following best describes the definition of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is a risk factor that increases the likelihood of CAP?

According to the lecture, what is a typical systemic sign for CAP

Which of the following has a 6-14% percentage in etiology of viral CAP?

According to the lecture, what is the age restriction for the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV)?

Which is a study done in CAP for Omandacycline?

What is the duration of treatment used when suspected of being proven with P. aeruginosa?

Which antiviral is given in the treatment of Chemoprophylaxis for treatment of influenza A and B

Which of the following vaccine does not recommend if there is a pregnancy?

Which of the following correctly pairs a respiratory defense mechanism with its primary location in the respiratory system?

A patient with chronic alcohol use is more susceptible to pneumonia due to impaired pulmonary defenses. Which of the following mechanisms is most directly compromised by chronic alcohol consumption?

How does cigarette smoke impair pulmonary defenses, increasing the risk of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is a consequence of iatrogenic manipulation, such as endotracheal intubation, on pulmonary defense mechanisms?

Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is best defined by its acquisition location. Which of the following scenarios best fits the definition of CAP?

Compared to younger adults, older adults have a significantly higher incidence of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP). Which age group shows the highest incidence rate per 10,000 adults?

A patient presents with new onset cough, fever, and fatigue. Which of the following clinical findings, if present, would be MOST suggestive of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following diagnostic approaches is essential to confirm a diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in a patient presenting with respiratory symptoms?

According to guidelines, when is it appropriate to consider empiric antibiotic treatment for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

For a previously healthy 33-year-old male diagnosed with outpatient Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), and with no known drug allergies, which of the following is the MOST appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy?

A 70-year-old patient with COPD is diagnosed with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) and is being treated as an outpatient. Which of the following antibiotic regimens would be MOST appropriate, considering their comorbidity?

In a hospitalized patient with non-severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), which of the following antibiotic strategies is generally recommended as a standard regimen?

If a hospitalized patient with severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is suspected of having Pseudomonas aeruginosa as a causative pathogen, what adjustment should be made to the empiric antibiotic therapy?

What is the recommended minimum duration of antibiotic therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in adults, assuming the patient is responding well to treatment and is without complications?

In the context of influenza prevention, which of the following influenza vaccines is generally contraindicated for pregnant women?

Which antiviral medication is approved for both the treatment and chemoprophylaxis of influenza A and B?

A patient with influenza is started on oseltamivir. Which of the following adverse effects is MOST commonly associated with oseltamivir?

According to the CURB-65 scoring system for pneumonia severity, which of the following criteria is assigned 1 point?

Which of the following is a 'major criterion' for severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) according to the IDSA/ATS severity criteria?

In the outpatient setting, when is blood or sputum Gram stain and culture generally recommended for the diagnosis of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

A patient is hospitalized with non-severe CAP and has a known prior respiratory isolation of MRSA. According to guidelines, what is the MOST appropriate initial step in managing their antibiotic therapy?

Which factor is LEAST likely to be considered when selecting an antibiotic regimen for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

A patient with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) is initially treated intravenously in the hospital. What criteria MUST be met before transitioning the patient to oral antibiotics for the remainder of their treatment?

In the context of empiric antibiotic therapy for outpatient Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), when is a macrolide (like azithromycin or clarithromycin) considered an appropriate monotherapy option?

Which of the following bacterial organisms is MOST commonly associated with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

A patient is diagnosed with influenza A and develops a secondary bacterial pneumonia. Which of the following bacterial organisms is MOST likely to be involved in this co-infection setting during an influenza epidemic?

Which influenza vaccine type is administered intranasally?

For which age group is the live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) approved for use in individuals who are not pregnant and do not have chronic medical conditions?

Which of the following antivirals for influenza is administered intravenously (IV)?

For chemoprophylaxis of influenza post-exposure, which age group is approved for treatment with oseltamivir?

Which of the following is a potential risk associated with zanamivir, especially in patients with underlying airway disease?

Which newer antibiotic therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) belongs to the aminomethylcycline class?

Which of the following best describes the mechanism of action of baloxavir in treating influenza?

A patient with severe CAP requires combination antibiotic therapy. Which of the following is a guideline-recommended combination for empiric treatment?

Which of the following is a common systemic finding in a patient with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

What is the primary goal when selecting an antibiotic for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is considered an 'atypical' bacterium commonly associated with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following underlying conditions is considered a significant risk factor for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

In a patient with suspected Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), which mechanism primarily supports the diagnosis, in addition to clinical findings?

If a patient's prior respiratory culture shows MRSA, and they develop Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), what is the MOST appropriate next step in antibiotic management?

Which of the following is NOT a typical characteristic used to describe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

What is the approximate percentage of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) cases where a causative organism is NOT identified despite diagnostic efforts?

Which component of the lower respiratory tract's host defense mechanism directly enhances phagocytosis and oxidative metabolism by neutrophils?

A patient with a history of intravenous drug use is admitted with CAP. Which mechanism is most likely to increase pneumonia risk?

In an outbreak of gram-negative bacterial pneumonia, which of the following defense mechanisms is least effective?

A patient with a history of chronic alcohol abuse is diagnosed with CAP. Which of the following mechanisms contribute to their increased susceptibility?

Considering the etiology of CAP, which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be associated with community-acquired pneumonia?

Which of the following is the LEAST common cause of CAP in patients admitted to the Intensive Care Unit (ICU)?

Several factors contribute to the likelihood of developing CAP. Which choice is least likely to be one of those factors?

A common symptom in patients presenting with CAP is fever, what percentage range is commonly seen with CAP?

In the context of CAP diagnosis, what role do auscultatory findings such as rales, ronchi, and dullness on percussion play?

Radiographic findings are essential in the diagnosis of CAP. Which of the following is LEAST likely to be seen in an X-ray of a patient with CAP?

In bacterial CAP treatment, which of the following is the most important to consider when selecting an antibiotic?

You are reviewing a patient's chart to determine the need for an antiviral drug. You see Oseltamivir, what route is it given?

Which of the following would cause lower mobilization of neutrophils?

What statement BEST describes the purpose of the influenza vaccine?

The data for SARS-CoV-2(COVID-19) vaccines are still being reviewed. What is vital in order to approve the vaccine?

A 68-year-old patient is admitted to the hospital with CAP. Based on the IDSA/ATS criteria, which of the following findings would be considered a major criterion for severe CAP?

The influenza vaccines are composed of which of the following to help treat a variety of strains?

What are the ages for treatment of Zanamivir?

For adults with CAP, under which oxygen saturation (O2Sat) should they be switched from IV to PO?

A 57 year old male is diagnosed with influenza A. He only has mild symptoms and has been diagnosed within the last 24 hours. What type of medication would be beneficial for someone who also has underlying airway disease?

Which of the following is a primary mechanism by which alveolar lining fluid contributes to host defense in the lower respiratory tract?

How does alcohol consumption impair epiglottic and cough reflexes, increasing the risk of CAP?

A 45-year-old patient with a history of intravenous drug use is diagnosed with CAP. Which of the following mechanisms most likely increases the risk of pneumonia in this patient population?

A patient is hospitalized with CAP and has a documented penicillin allergy. The local antibiogram shows a high rate of macrolide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Which factor should the clinician consider?

A 68-year-old patient with congestive heart failure (CHF) is diagnosed with CAP. Considering the patient's comorbidity, which of the following antibiotic regimens would be MOST appropriate for outpatient treatment?

A 72-year-old patient is admitted to the hospital with severe CAP. The patient has a history of MRSA colonization but no prior respiratory isolation. According to guidelines, what is the MOST appropriate initial step in antibiotic management?

According to IDSA/ATS guidelines, a patient with CAP would be classified as having 'severe' disease if they exhibit which of the following?

Which of the following statements best describes the primary goal of antibiotic selection for bacterial Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

In a patient with CAP, which common systemic finding is least likely to be directly associated with the severity or prognosis of the pneumonia itself?

Considering the risk factors for CAP, which of the following environmental factors is least likely to significantly increase the incidence of CAP in a community?

In the context of bacterial co-infections during influenza epidemics, which bacterial organism is MOST likely to be involved in causing secondary pneumonia?

What is the MOST significant advantage of using amoxicillin/clavulanate combined with azithromycin for the treatment of CAP in a patient with co-morbid conditions such as COPD or diabetes?

Following the isolation and identification of the causative pathogen in a patient with CAP, the decision to transition a patient from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics should be based on multiple factors. Which of the following considerations is least relevant when making this decision?

When considering the use of Zanamivir for influenza, under what conditions would it be most appropriate to avoid prescribing this medication?

A patient presents with CAP symptoms, and the physician suspects Legionella as the possible causative organism due to a recent community outbreak. Which of the following options would be the most appropriate treatment?

What is the primary rationale behind using combination antibiotic therapy for the treatment of severe CAP?

What is the key consideration when prescribing Tamiflu (Oseltamivir) for the treatment or chemoprophylaxis of influenza?

A patient is diagnosed with CAP and has a history of non-meningitis breakpoint/meningitis breakpoint infections. What is the significance of monitoring the two years of data for S. pneumoniae prior treatment?

What is the significance of balancing potential risks and benefits based on best-available evidence, when using EUA compared to the FDA approval process?

Under what circumstance is Remdesivir an acceptable form of treatment of COVID-19?

Which influenza vaccine is a contraindication to a patient that states they have an anti-influenza medication intake within the past 48 hours?

When there is a lesion in the left lung in a patient diagnosed with CAP, which is the most likely symptom to have?

A patient reports for a COVID-19 vaccination. Which steps must the pharmacist consider?

When selecting what empiric therapy would be BEST for an outpatient with no comorbidities, which would have pneumococcal resistance of <25%?

For hospitalized patients, which of the following antibiotics need to be taken, as needed, depending on the validated local risk?

According to data provided, how does COVID-19 impact the respiratory system.

If a 62 year old patient only has mild symptoms, how long is the treatment after being diagnosed?

An asthma patient is diagnosed with Influenza, which Antiviral would you be careful with?

A 33-year-old male is diagnosed with presumptive CAP at an outpatient clinic. He has no known allergies and no significant history of any conditions but never taken antibiotics before. After evaluation, which medication would the male LEAST likely be prescribed to treat his CAP?

Which of the following antibiotics, when used for CAP treatment, requires caution and monitoring for QT-prolongation?

A patient with severe influenza is treated with Baloxavir. What is the primary mechanism of action of Baloxavir?

What is the earliest time after influenza exposure when Oseltamivir can be given for chemoprophylaxis?

Which diagnostic procedure could be performed for CAP?

How does altered lung clearance of bacteria due to lipopolysaccharide or endotoxin typically contribute to the impairment of pulmonary defenses?

A post COVID diagnosed ICU patient requires broad spectrum antibiotics, why?

A 33 year old makes a new diagnosis and the physician knows its CAP, what questions could be asked to determine?

What is a key recommendation the panel gives about giving dexamethasone to COVID patients?

Which is the most used vaccine?

For confirmed and validated resistance, what may ensue?

Which defense mechanism can be compromised during alcohol intoxication, potentially leading to aspiration of oropharyngeal flora?

In the pathophysiology of CAP, which of the following scenarios would MOST likely lead to pneumonia development due to overwhelming host defenses?

A patient with a history of recurrent aspiration pneumonia is found to have decreased dendritic cell function. How does this impairment increase the risk of pneumonia?

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to influence the selection of an empiric antibiotic regimen for a patient with CAP?

What is the MOST important factor in the clinical decision to switch a patient from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics when treating CAP?

What is the rationale for recommending empiric antibiotic treatment that expands coverage to include beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitors for a CAP patient with chronic Haemophilus influenzae?

A patient with a known history of severe COPD requires hospitalization for CAP. Which recommended course of antibiotics must be avoided?

If the local antibiogram in a certain area of the United States indicates that Streptococcus pneumoniae has decreased pneumococcal resistance of >25%, which medication would be considered?

A patient who took anti-influenza medication within the last 48 hours reports for a vaccination, which vaccine would require a second thought?

A patient reports for a influenza vaccination and has a severe allergy to eggs. Which vaccinations would be considered?

When considering a patient is on Oseltamivir, which adverse event can occur?

Which of the following factors is LEAST likely to be considered in antimicrobial agents?

For influenza A and B, the time frame for it to be taken by the patient is ideally 48 hours, what kind of action would that trigger?

Which of the following is NOT a component of the traditional vaccine approval process?

During a potential life-threatening disease, what process is completed to obtain vaccine implementation?

Which mechanism is least likely to be associated with community-acquired pneumonia?

A patient is intubated with diagnosed CAP. The physician is considering administering antibiotics. What is the next step?

Which factor should be taken in consideration when choosing whether to use an Anti-MRSA?

A patient has been diagnosed with CAP in the trachea? Why is the Epiglottic Reflexes Important?

Why should a Physician be cautious of a patient with cough, fever, and lung crackles with COVID-19? (Select all that apply)

Which of the following is a physiological defense mechanism present in the lower respiratory tract?

Which of the following organisms is most commonly associated with Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in adults?

Which of the following best describes a risk factor that increases the likelihood of developing Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following factors should be considered when selecting the most appropriate antibiotic treatment for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is considered a recommended treatment option for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) in previously healthy adults?

What constitutes a 'major criterion' for severe Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) according to the IDSA/ATS severity criteria?

Which statement about switching from intravenous (IV) to oral (PO) antibiotics for CAP treatment is mostaccurate?

Which of the following is a newer antibiotic therapy for Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP) that belongs to the aminomethylcycline class?

A previously healthy 33-year-old male is diagnosed with outpatient Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP), and with no known drug allergies, which of the following is the MOST appropriate empiric antibiotic therapy?

A patient with severe influenza is being considered for treatment with Baloxavir. What is the primary mechanism of action of Baloxavir?

When there is a COVID-19 diagnoses, where is the most likely place that would have lung effects?

Which route is used for Peramivir?

What should be given to patients non-hospitalized?

A factor that can be considered when choosing treatment is?

The traditional vaccine has which step?

What is one step included in EUA?

The influenza vaccines contain which of the following:

A patient had a known exposure to the flu from his daughter. He asks how long after exposure can he take Oseltamivir for Chemoprophylaxis?

A 33-year-old male is diagnosed with presumptive CAP at an outpatient clinic. He has no known allergies and no significant medical history. Based on the example outpatient antibiogram, if the local pneumococcal resistance is >25%, which single antibiotic should the male MOST likely be prescribed to treat his CAP?

A 33-year-old male is diagnosed with presumptive CAP at an outpatient clinic. He has no known allergies and no significant medical history but never taken antibiotics before. After evaluation, which medication would the male LEAST likely be prescribed to treat his CAP?

According to guidelines, acute bacterial pneumonia in adults should be treated with antibiotics to cover typical bacterial pathogens based on local resistance patterns. What duration of antibiotic usage is recommended?

Within 48 hrs. a patient reports for vaccinations. He advises that he took an anti-influenza medication, what vaccines would the patient need to reconsider?

What would be the LEAST likely cause of Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

A patient is prescribed erythromycin for their pneumonia, what is important to consider?

What does severity of disease depend on?

What can the clinician use to determine what antibiotic they should prescribe based on organisms?

There is data that provides monitoring and prevention of S. pneumoniae. How many years should this data be monitored?

A patient is in the hospital already being treated with IV Antibiotics, when is it important to determine additional steps for the patient?

Peramivir is approved for patients at what age?

A patients test comes back for an elevated D-Dimer, what is necessary?

When should adults be moved from IV to PO treatment for O2 saturation?

What is the main goal for vaccines under the Traditional Approval Process for implementation?

A patient that receives an antiInfluenza, has a contraindication to what vaccines.

How to reduce risk Factors with COVID-19?

Which defense mechanism is present only in the conducting airways?

In bacterial co-pneumonia, what typically occurs during influenza epidemics?

In a patient diagnosed with CAP, what is the purpose of knowing why the epiglottic reflexes?

Which is the recommendation when giving COVID-19 vaccine boosters?

Which component of the upper airways functions as a host defense mechanism?

Which immune component is produced in the oropharynx as a host defense mechanism?

What is the function of sharp-angled branching in conducting airways?

Which of the following is a known cause for the occurrence of pneumonia?

How does cigarette smoke impair pulmonary defenses?

Which of the following conditions is LEAST likely to impair epiglottic closure, potentially leading to aspiration?

How does HIV infection impair pulmonary defenses contributing to CAP?

What is the definition of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

What characteristic is commonly associated with CAP?

What percentage would be given for the average mortality rate for CAP?

What is a common viral cause of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)?

Which of the following is the LEAST likely organism causing his CAP, given that the patient is a 33 yo male diagnosed with presumptive CAP at an outpatient clinic, with no known allergies and no significant history for any conditions, however, they do have a 10-year history of smoking 1 ppd and weekend EtOH binge with friends, and has not received flu vaccine this year, and never taken antibiotics?

A patient with CAP presents with a fever, which is seen with what range:

Which factor is critical when selecting a drug regimen for confirmed legionella?

The results show a gram stain, but there are concerns of risk for resistant orgnanisms, what is required?

Which influenza vaccine is appropriate to administer to individuals the age of 50 and up?

What is the recommended treatment for confirmed patients with P. aeruginosa?

Which of the following is a risk factor that increases the likelihood of developing Community-Acquired Pneumonia (CAP)?

When should a treatment should be intitated?

Why should there be caution with prescribing Zanamivir to asthma patients?