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What is the primary purpose of controlling topics in a conversation?
Discourse topics are more specific than sentence topics.
False
What are the two ways to shift topics in a conversation?
Speaking topically and speaking on the topic.
The act of fixing a violation in communication is called __________.
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Match the types of violations with their descriptions:
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Which category of illocution involves expressing feelings or emotions?
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A directive illocution is focused only on the speaker's emotions.
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What is the primary purpose of turn-taking in communication?
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______ is a communication strategy where a new topic is introduced.
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Match the following categories of illocution with their examples:
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Which of the following is NOT a function of a locutionary act?
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According to Speech Act Theory, performative utterances imply an action.
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Who further developed Speech Act Theory after John Langshaw Austin?
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A __________ act is performed when the speaker gains the opportunity to interact by saying something.
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Match the types of utterances with their descriptions:
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Study Notes
Topic Control
- Topic control is the ability to manage the flow of a conversation's subject.
- There are two main types of topics:
- Sentence topic: Focuses on the main idea or specific concept.
- Discourse topic: Represents a broader, overarching subject.
Topic Shifting
- Topic shifting involves transitioning from one topic to another during conversation.
- There are two key ways to shift topics:
- Speaking topically: Concentrating on the last phase of a current topic.
- Speaking on the topic: Focusing on the topic itself.
Repair
- Repair refers to correcting violations or issues in communication.
- These violations can include:
- Misunderstandings
- Communication breakdowns
Different Types of Violations
- Grabbing the floor: Interruptions or taking over the conversation.
- Overlapping: Two or more participants speaking simultaneously.
- Hogging the floor: Dominating the conversation and not allowing others to speak.
- Being silent: No one participating in the conversation.
- Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding: Difficulties with communication due to physical or other limitations.
Termination
- Termination marks the end of a conversation.
Four Types of Self Repair
- Self-initiated self-repair: The speaker recognizes their own error and corrects it.
- Other-initiated self-repair: Participants notice the speaker's error, and the speaker corrects it.
- Self-initiated other's repair: The speaker's error is corrected by another participant.
- Other-initiated other's repair: Participants identify and correct the speaker's error.
Categories of Illocution
- Expressive: Expresses the speaker's emotions or attitude (e.g., apologizing, congratulating, welcoming, thanking).
- Declaration: An utterance that instantly changes a situation (e.g., appointing, baptizing, declaring, firing, nominating).
- Assertives: Conveying information about a situation (e.g., concluding, stating, describing, asserting, suggesting, insisting).
- Directives: Speech acts that aim to influence someone to perform a specific action (e.g., commanding, clarifying, challenging, requesting, asking).
- Commissive: Commits the speaker to a future action (e.g., promising, planning, vowing, offering).
- Perlocution: The effect or outcome of a speech act, the reaction to the speaker's message.
Communication Strategies
- Communication strategies refer to the plans, actions, and techniques used to achieve successful communication.
Different Communication Strategies
- Nomination: Introducing a new topic to the conversation.
- Restriction: Limiting the contributions of participants during a discussion.
- Social Relationship: The dynamic between participants, considering roles, power dynamics, and authority.
- Environment: The context or setting of the communication, including one-on-one interactions, small groups, or larger gatherings (e.g., debates, meetings).
Turn-Taking
- Turn-taking allows participants to take turns speaking.
- The process involves:
- Keep turn: One speaker maintains the conversation.
- Release turn: Signaling the intention to allow another person to speak (e.g., "I'm done," "Thank you").
- Take turn: Suggesting that another participant should speak.
Oral Communication (1st Day)
Speech Act Theory
- Speech Act Theory was introduced by British philosopher John Langshaw Austin in 1962 and further developed by John Roger Searle in 1969.
- It emphasizes the importance of communication through actions beyond just words.
Types of Utterances
- Constative Utterance: Describes or states a situation, often based on observation (e.g., "It's warm in here").
- Performative Utterance: Implies an action with inherent meaning (e.g., "I warn you").
Categories/Classifications of Speech Acts
- Locutionary Act: The simple act of saying something, producing meaningful utterances using sounds, grammar, and semantics.
- Illocutionary Act: The intended act of speaking, the purpose and function of the utterance, taking into account the speaker's intention and effect on the listener.
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Types of Locutionary Acts:
- Utterance Act: Saying something without any intent to communicate.
- Propotional Act: Performing an act with the intention of interacting with others.
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Description
Explore the essential concepts of topic control, shifting, and repair in conversations. This quiz covers various communication violations and how they impact dialogue dynamics. Test your understanding of effective communication techniques and strategies.
