Communication Strategies and Violations

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary purpose of controlling topics in a conversation?

To prolong the conversation

To maintain the flow of the discussion (correct)

To confuse the participants

To keep participants silent

Discourse topics are more specific than sentence topics.

False

What are the two ways to shift topics in a conversation?

Speaking topically and speaking on the topic.

The act of fixing a violation in communication is called __________.

repair Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of violations with their descriptions:

Grabbing the floor = Interruptions Overlapping = Talking at the same time Hogging the floor = Not giving others a chance to talk Being silent = Nobody wants to talk Signup and view all the answers

Which category of illocution involves expressing feelings or emotions?

Expressive Signup and view all the answers

A directive illocution is focused only on the speaker's emotions.

False Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of turn-taking in communication?

To allow participants to take turns in speaking. Signup and view all the answers

______ is a communication strategy where a new topic is introduced.

Nomination Signup and view all the answers

Match the following categories of illocution with their examples:

Expressive = Congratulating Declaration = Appointing Assertives = Stating Directives = Requesting Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of a locutionary act?

Implying an action Signup and view all the answers

According to Speech Act Theory, performative utterances imply an action.

True Signup and view all the answers

Who further developed Speech Act Theory after John Langshaw Austin?

John Roger Searle Signup and view all the answers

A __________ act is performed when the speaker gains the opportunity to interact by saying something.

illocutionary Signup and view all the answers

Match the types of utterances with their descriptions:

Constative Utterance = Describes or states a situation Performative Utterance = Implies an action Utterance Act = Saying something without intent to communicate Propositional Act = Performing an act intended to interact Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Topic Control

Topic control is the ability to manage the flow of a conversation's subject.
There are two main types of topics:
- Sentence topic: Focuses on the main idea or specific concept.
- Discourse topic: Represents a broader, overarching subject.

Topic Shifting

Topic shifting involves transitioning from one topic to another during conversation.
There are two key ways to shift topics:
- Speaking topically: Concentrating on the last phase of a current topic.
- Speaking on the topic: Focusing on the topic itself.

Repair

Repair refers to correcting violations or issues in communication.
These violations can include:
- Misunderstandings
- Communication breakdowns

Different Types of Violations

Grabbing the floor: Interruptions or taking over the conversation.
Overlapping: Two or more participants speaking simultaneously.
Hogging the floor: Dominating the conversation and not allowing others to speak.
Being silent: No one participating in the conversation.
Trouble in speaking, hearing, or understanding: Difficulties with communication due to physical or other limitations.

Termination

Termination marks the end of a conversation.

Four Types of Self Repair

Self-initiated self-repair: The speaker recognizes their own error and corrects it.
Other-initiated self-repair: Participants notice the speaker's error, and the speaker corrects it.
Self-initiated other's repair: The speaker's error is corrected by another participant.
Other-initiated other's repair: Participants identify and correct the speaker's error.

Categories of Illocution

Expressive: Expresses the speaker's emotions or attitude (e.g., apologizing, congratulating, welcoming, thanking).
Declaration: An utterance that instantly changes a situation (e.g., appointing, baptizing, declaring, firing, nominating).
Assertives: Conveying information about a situation (e.g., concluding, stating, describing, asserting, suggesting, insisting).
Directives: Speech acts that aim to influence someone to perform a specific action (e.g., commanding, clarifying, challenging, requesting, asking).
Commissive: Commits the speaker to a future action (e.g., promising, planning, vowing, offering).
Perlocution: The effect or outcome of a speech act, the reaction to the speaker's message.

Communication Strategies

Communication strategies refer to the plans, actions, and techniques used to achieve successful communication.

Different Communication Strategies

Nomination: Introducing a new topic to the conversation.
Restriction: Limiting the contributions of participants during a discussion.
Social Relationship: The dynamic between participants, considering roles, power dynamics, and authority.
Environment: The context or setting of the communication, including one-on-one interactions, small groups, or larger gatherings (e.g., debates, meetings).

Turn-Taking

Turn-taking allows participants to take turns speaking.
The process involves:
- Keep turn: One speaker maintains the conversation.
- Release turn: Signaling the intention to allow another person to speak (e.g., "I'm done," "Thank you").
- Take turn: Suggesting that another participant should speak.

Oral Communication (1st Day)

Speech Act Theory

Speech Act Theory was introduced by British philosopher John Langshaw Austin in 1962 and further developed by John Roger Searle in 1969.
It emphasizes the importance of communication through actions beyond just words.

Types of Utterances

Constative Utterance: Describes or states a situation, often based on observation (e.g., "It's warm in here").
Performative Utterance: Implies an action with inherent meaning (e.g., "I warn you").

Categories/Classifications of Speech Acts

Locutionary Act: The simple act of saying something, producing meaningful utterances using sounds, grammar, and semantics.
Illocutionary Act: The intended act of speaking, the purpose and function of the utterance, taking into account the speaker's intention and effect on the listener.
Types of Locutionary Acts:
- Utterance Act: Saying something without any intent to communicate.
- Propotional Act: Performing an act with the intention of interacting with others.

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Description

Explore the essential concepts of topic control, shifting, and repair in conversations. This quiz covers various communication violations and how they impact dialogue dynamics. Test your understanding of effective communication techniques and strategies.