Communication Skills: Types and Methods

Types of Communication Skills

• Refers to "official communication"
• Verbal expressions addressing a formal need.

Informal Communication

• Referred to as "the (unofficial) grapevine"
• Often spread by word-of-mouth .
• Provides unofficial information.

Oral Communication (Face-to-face)

• Most recognized form
• Information expressed directly when spoken.
• Can be formal, like meetings, or informal, like communication with family, colleagues and friends.

Oral Communication (Distance)

• Mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing and 2-way webinars are distance communication expansions
• Tone of voice and delivery pace take priority

Non-verbal Communication

• Subtle but powerful means of communication.
• Includes physical postures and gestures, tone and pace of voice, and attitude.

Written Communication

• Has rapidly taken over human activity, because of technology changes
• Previously depended on postal services
• Now encompasses formal notes, legal notices, emails and other communications

Kinesics

• Communication through body movements such as gestures and facial expressions ('body language’).
• Non-verbal behavior

Proxemics

• Studies space and comfortable distances between people.
• Intimate space is close, often within one foot and sometimes involving touch.

Haptic Communication

• Branch of nonverbal communication involving interaction through touch.
• Touch is a sophisticated, intimate sense.

Paralanguage

• Vocalized, nonverbal parts of message.
• Vocalics is the study of paralanguage which includes vocal qualities like pitch, volume, rate, quality and verbal fillers (Andersen, 1999).

Chronemics

• Study of time use in nonverbal communication.
• Time perceptions impact lifestyles, daily agendas, speech speed, movements and listening duration.

Epic Hero Agyu

• Hero of Bukidnon

Setting

• Represents the physical location and the time (past, present, future).
• Includes the social and cultural conditions in which characters exist.

Social Journalism

• Media model that combines professional journalism, contributor and reader content.
• Relies on community involvement, audience engagement, data analytics, social newsgathering, verification and relationship building.

Citizen Journalism

• Also known as collaborative, participatory, democratic, guerrilla or street journalism.
• Relies on public citizens actively collecting, reporting, analyzing and disseminating news and information.

Yellow Journalism

• American media term for journalism with little legitimate news.
• Uses eye-catching headlines, exaggerations, scandal to increase sales.

Adversarial Journalism

• Also known as Gotcha Journalism
• Form of journalism that uncovers wrongdoings by public officials
• Methods include moving away from the agreed interview topic, or switching to an embarrassing subject

Manipulatives Media

• Tools for hands-on learning through physical objects or computer programs.
• Examples are Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, Rubik's Cube.

Interactive Media

• Computer-delivered electronic system allowing users to control and manipulate media types.
• Examples include websites, user-generated content, interactive television and advertising, gaming, blogs and mobile telephony.

Pre-Industrial Age (Before 1700's)

• People discovered fire, developed paper and forged tools and weapons from stone, bronze copper and iron.

Industrial Age (1700s-1930s)

• People discovered power steam, developed machine tools, established iron production and manufacturing including books from the printing press.

Electronic Age (1930s-1980s)

• Transistor invented, ushering in the electronic age.
• Transistors led to transistor radios, electronic circuits and early computers.
• Long distance communication became more efficient.

Information Age (1900s-2000s)

• Internet facilitated faster communication and social networks.
• Microelectronics advanced, leading to personal computers, mobile devices and wearable technology.
• Voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.

Character

• Person, animal or entity.
• Stories have one main character or many, along with secondary characters.

Plot

• Events in the story, typically including introduction, rising action, climax, falling action and resolution.
• Represented as an arc

Conflict

• Every story needs a conflict for direction

Theme

• Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight.
• Central argument, the "why" of the story.

Point-Of-View

• The perspective from which the story is told (first, third, limited, multiple, omniscient)
• Second person is rarely used.

Tone

• Overall emotional tone or meaning of the story.
• Portrayed through word choice, grammar, theme, imagery, etc.

Style

• How things are expressed through words, sentence structure and dialogue, metaphor, simile, etc.
• Contributes significantly to the tone.

Confucianism

• Ancient Chinese belief system focusing on personal ethics and morality.
• Is considered by some a philosophy and others a region.
• Mencius (Meng Ke, 372-289 B.C.E.) is the best-known Confucian philosopher after Confucius.

Buddhism

• Founded over 2,500 years ago in India by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha").
• Has about 470 million followers.

Indios

• Defined as native indigenous peoples in Spanish America and Asia possessions.
• Chamorros people classified as Indios during the Spanish colonial period in the Mariana Islands.
• Indios were the lowest-ranked group in the Spanish racial hierarchy.

Evolution

• Gradual changes from simple to complex forms.
• Hypothesized to have started in oceans billions of years ago.
• Darwin theorized evolution through natural selection.
• Darwin's "The Origin of Species" states evolution comes from a series of natural selections.
• Points include natural selection, variation, struggle to exist and survival of the fittest.
• Results from mutation, genetic recombination, chromosomal abnormalities, reproductive isolation and natural selection.

Dryopithecus

• Considered ancestors of both humans and apes.
• Lived in China, Africa, Europe and India.
• Refers to oak wood apes; predominantly herbivores due to the densely forested, tropical lowlands they inhabited.

Ramapithecus

• First remains discovered in the Shivalik range in Punjab, later in Africa and Saudi Arabia.
• Lived in open grasslands.
• Confirmed hominid status through thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws, shorter canines and use of hands for food, defense and upright posture extrapolations.

Australopithecus

• Fossil first discovered in South Africa in 1924.
• Lived on the ground and used stones as weapons, walking erect at 4ft tall and weighing 60-80lbs.

Homo Erectus

• First fossil found in Java in 1891 and named Pithecanthropus Erectus.
• Considered the missing link between humans and apes.
• Had large cranial capacities.
• Used quartz tools, lived in communities with evidence of collective hunting and fire use.
• Dwell in caves

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

• Homo Erectus evolved into Homo Sapiens.
• Identified subspecies include Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Neanderthal cranial capacity grew from 1200-1600cc.
• Neanderthals hunted big mammals

Homo Sapiens

• Remains first discovered in Europe and named Cro-Magnon.
• Modern man's more reduced jaws and rounded skull appeared and chin appeared.
• Cranial capacity was about 1350cc with hunting for food being common.
• Art also first emerged during this time.

Media Literacy

• Understanding different types of media and messages they're sending which encompasses all forms of media.

Information Literacy

• Ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate information for problem solving, decision making and knowledge acquisition.

Technology Literacy

• Ability to use technology tools responsibly, appropriately and effectively to access, manage, integrate, evaluate, create and communicate information.

Communication

• Sender: Initiates conversation with an idea.
• Encoding: Sender translates info into a message using words/non-verbal cue.
• Message: Encoded information for transmission (written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal)
• Communication Channel: Chosen medium for conveying the message.
• Receiver: Intended recipient of the message who tries to comprehend it.
• Decoding: Receiver interprets the message.
• Feedback: Confirms message reception and interpretation, through verbal or non-verbal communication.
• Noise: Barriers affecting message.

Modus Ponens

• Propositional logic rule-affirming the antecedent
• If today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. If today is Tuesday, John will go to work.

Modus Tollens

• Valid argument form in propositional calculus
• Indirect proof or contrapositive

Direct Proof & Indirect Proof

• Proves truth via established facts without assumptions.
• Relies on contradictions to prove conjecture by assuming it’s untrue.

Normal Distribution

• Bell curve that occurs naturally in many situations like SAT and GRE tests.

Inverse

• Denoted with "-1" after a function name (e.g., f ¹(y)).

Geometric Equations

• Presented for area, perimeter and volume problems.

Logic

• Mathematicians use either True or False logic called the Law of the Excluded Middle.
• Truth or falsity hinges on logical connectives and the nature of components.

Truth Tables

• Defines each connectives to understand complex equations.

A Bond

• Contract where companies/governments borrow money by issuing bonds purchased by investors.
• Bonds have a maturity date and require repayment to investors with additional payments.

Amortization

• Spreads a loan over fixed payments covering interest and balance.

Annuity

• Long term agreement of funds accumulating on tax deferred basis for later payout as income.

Shares

• Units of equity ownership in a corporation yielding potential dividends and capital gains.

Stock

• General term for company ownership.

Null Hypothesis (Ho)

• Statement believed true unless proven incorrect, using symbols with equal (=)
• Used to put forth an argument.

Alternative Hypothesis (Ha)

• Claim contradictory to the null hypothesis
• Concluded when the null hypothesis is rejected (Ha never has =).

Asymptote

• Line approached by a graph as x or y approaches infinity (vertical, horizontal, oblique).

Statistical Concepts

• Given a statistic, the confidence interval is a range of values with e.g. 95% probability.
• Interest rate is percentage charged on borrowed or saved funds with potentially big impact.

Science - Oceans

• Covering 70%+ of Earth, oceans have 1.86+ miles depth.
• Average depth is ~12,100 feet reaching 36,200 feet at the deepest pt.
• Animals in bathypelagic zones live without sunlight.
• The open ocean accounts for 99+% of Earth's potentially habitable space.
• Divisions: epipelagic zone (surface to 650ft), mesopelagic zone (650-3,300 ft), bathypelagic zone (3,300-13,000ft), abyssopelagic zone (13,000-20,000ft) and hadopelagic (20,000+feet).
• Oceans produces 50%+ of the air, however only 5% the ocean has been explored impacting the ocean due to pollution.

Comets

• Loose collections of ice and rocky particles composed of rock, dust, ice and frozen gases.

Meteors

• Meteoroids entering a planets atmosphere and burning up

Meteorites

• Meteoroids that survive and hit the ground become meteorites

Ecosystem

• Community of living organisms interacting in a specific environment.

Skin

• The integumentary system equaling 15-20% of body mass
• Acts like a barrier to physical, chemical, and biological entities.
• Prevents water loss, regulates temperature, and transmits sensations.

Skeletal System

• Supports/protects organs, frame and shape via bones/joints.
• Movement using muscles.
• Bones store minerals, create blood cells in marrow.

Muscular System

• Cardiac muscles are in the heart maintaining blood flow.
• Smooth/involuntary muscles surround internal organs, controlling functions like digestion.
• Skeletal/voluntary muscles control movement.

Lymphatic System

• Transports clean body fluids, drains debris, and houses white blood cells.

Respiratory System

• Maintains breathing, supplies oxygen, disposes of carbon dioxide, assists in speech and smell.

Digestive System

• Processes food/waste, absorbing nutrients and ridding waste through various organs.

Nervous System

• Composed of central and peripheral systems.
• Controls bodily functions.

Endocrine System

• Glands secrete hormones regulating processes.

Cardiovascular System

• Heart and blood vessels transport substances.

Urinary System

• Kidney, ureter, urinary Balder, Urethra eliminates waste, regulates fluids/PH .

Reproductive Systems

• Create human life.

Igneous Rocks

• Form from solidified molten rock material.
• Intrusive igneous rocks cool slowly below earth's surface with large crystal formations

Extrusive igneous rocks

• Erupt onto the surface, cool quickly to form small crystals, these rocks are formed from andesite, basalt, dacite, obsidian, pumice etc.

Metamorphic rocks

• Modified by heat, pressure, and processes deep below Earth's surface.

Foliated metamorphic rocks

• Rocks that display a layered or banded appearance that is rocks.

Non-foliated metamorphic rocks

• Rocks that do not have a layered or banded appearance.

Sedimentary Rock

• The accumulation of sediments to form rock.
• Clastic sedimentary rocks which from the accumulation and lithification of mechanical weathering debris

Chemical Sedimentary rocks

• Formed when materials precipitate from solution, examples include: chert, some dolomites, flint etc..

Organic Sedimentary rocks

• Formed from the accumulation of plant of animal debris.

Erosion

• Geological process where earthen materials are worn via wind or water.

Weathering

• Breaking down rocks and minerals on Earth’s surface through water, acids, salt, plants, animals, and changes in temperature.

Equinox

• Earth's two hemispheres receiving sun rays equally

Reproduction

• Fission: Parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells.
• Fragmentation: Fragments develop into new individuals.
• Budding: Bubble-like on parent cell, breaks away to form new organism.
• Vegetative reproduction: New individuals from plants (seeds or spores).
• Agamogenesis: Reproduction without a male gamete.

Solstice

• Earth's year when the sun's path is farthest north or south from Earth's Equator.

Nitrogen

• Makes up 78% of atmosphere, the other primary elements are 21% oxygen and 0.9% Argon.

Gamete

• Sexually reproducing organisms reproduction cells, such as sperm and egg cells.

Haploid

• Cell state containing one set of chromosomes.

Meiosis

• Cell division halving chromosomes, forming for gametes.

Parthenogenesis

• Asexual reproduction process where the development of embryos occurs without fertilization.

Reproduction

• Processes living things use to produce offspring.

Sexual reproduction

• Reproduction that involves the joining of haploid gametes to produce diverse individuals.

Spore

• Haploid reproductive cells are found in plants and some protists- They can fully develop without the use of other cells with this process.

Vegetative reproduction

• Reproduction used by plants where new individuals are created without use of seeds/spores.

Zygote

• Fertilized egg known as the first cell for a new organism.

Tropical Wave

• The zone with the most tropical disturbances and hurricanes due to wind and moisture.

Tropical Disturbance

• Weather system with organized convection in tropics/subtropics, maintains identity +24 hours.

Tropical Cyclone

• Low pressure system over tropical/subtropical waters with organized convection and wind circulation.

Extratropical Cyclone

• Cyclone where primary energy comes from temperature contrast.

Post-Tropical Cyclone

• Cyclone lacking tropical characteristics, but may still have heavy rains.

Remnant Low

• Post-tropical cyclone with limited convection and winds below 34 knots.

Subtropical Cyclone

• Blend of tropical/extratropical storm characteristics happening near tropical or subtropical waters.
• Have closed circulation, but winds further from of the center and convection is less.

Tropical Depression

• Tropical cyclone that has maximum of 38 mph (33 knots) winds

Tropical Storm

• Tropical cyclone that has has a maximum of 39-73 mph (34 to 63 knots) winds.

Hurricane

• A tropical cyclone rated to have winds of 74 mph or greater (64 knots or greater).
• The peak of storm quantity is around mid september that significantly decreases by early November.

Tropical Storm Watch

• Tropical storms that include winds of 39-73mph winds may pose a possible threat within 48 hours.

Tropical Storm Warning

• Signifies tropical conditions with winds of 39-73 mph
• Storm Conditions may be expected within 36 or less.

Hurricane Watch

• Hurricane is issued where the likelihood of heavy winds measuring 74 mph is possible.

Hurricane Warning

• Means that expected amount of sustained winds is to measure 74 mph.

Storm Tide

• Combined water level rise from astronomical tide and storm surge.

Genetic Engineering

• Technique, via recombinant DNA, that can edit genetic markup of an organism.

Fermentation

• Metabolic process facilitated by microorganisms which changes and improves food/beverages along with adding health benefits.
• Products include beer, wine, yogurt and sourdough bread

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Glucose/6 carbon sugars being changed to lactic acid.

Ethanol Fermentation

• Starches/sugar go from yeast that break pyruvate down in to carbon dioxide and alcohol.

Alkaline Acid Fermentation

• Starches and sugars ferment from grains and fruits that result in sour tasting vinegar and condiments.

Pyruvic Acid

• Organic acid that is usually found in living cells that creates hydrogen and a anion called Pyruvate.

Aerobic Respiration

• Energy that is powered from living cells through the citric acid cycle.

Ethol (Ethyl Alcohol)

• Ethanol is a clear ingredient found in everyday alcoholic beverages like beer, wine, and brandy.

Ionic / Covalent

• Ionic is between metal and non metal .
• Covalent is between 2 nonmetal.

Ionic Bonding

• Complete transfer of valence electron(s) between atoms.

Double Bonds

• Type of chemical bond that include atoms sharing an electron pair, or shared pairs.

Covalent Bonding

• Atoms that display a bond because they are sharing electrons.

Non polar

• Atoms that share bonds between each other using a singular pair of electrons.

Metallic Bonds

• When atoms that connect display the act of metal to metal bonding whereas metals bond to no metals, Aluminum and Copper.

Polyethylene

• Displayed by its crystalline like thermoplastic and durable composition, it is the lightest plastic in the world.

Vectors Quantities

• Physical quantity that determines a direction of a magnitude.
• Torque, displacement ,velocity and acceleration are forces that display different amounts of both magnitude and direction.

Scalar

• A force that shows a magnitude with no need to be defined by a direction.

Synthetic polymers

• Created by engineers from petroleum oil.
• Nylon, Teflon, epoxy, and polyester are synthetic like polymers.