Types of Communication: Formal, Informal & Oral

Formal Types of Communication Skills

• Also known as “official communication.”
• Covers all verbal expressions addressing a formal need.

Informal Communication

• Also known as “the (unofficial) grapevine.”
• Usually spread through word-of-mouth.
• Can provide access to unofficial, provocative information.

Oral Communication (Face-to-face)

• Recognized as a common type of communication.
• Involves direct expression through speech.
• Occurs in formal/informal settings with friends, family, colleagues, etc.

Oral Communication (Distance)

• Includes mobile phones, VOIP, video-conferencing, and webinars.
• Advances communication to a subtle level.
• Tone of voice and delivery pace are more important than what is spoken.

Non-verbal Types of Communication

• Includes physical postures, gestures, tone/pace of voice, and attitude.
• Can be more powerful than speech.

Written Communication

• Traditionally depended on postal service for distant correspondence.
• Now dominates most aspects of life

Kinesics

• Kinesics, or kinesic communication uses body movements.
• Includes gestures and facial expressions.
• Involves non-verbal behavior using the body, and is called "body language".

Proxemics

• Proxemics studies space and its influence on comfort.
• Personal space depends on relationship closeness.
• Intimate space is very close, usually within one foot, and sometimes touching.

Haptic Communication

• Haptic communication is a branch of nonverbal communication.
• Related to communicating and interacting through touch.
• Touch is the most sophisticated and intimate of the five senses.

Vocalics

• Vocalics is the study of paralanguage
• Paralanguage refers to vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message.
• Vocal qualities include pitch, volume, rate, and vocal fillers.

Chronemics

• Chronemics studies the use of time in communication.
• Time perceptions affect lifestyles, agendas, speech speed, and willingness to listen.

Agyu

• Agyu is an epic hero of Bukidnon

Setting

• Setting identifies where and when a story takes place.
• The physical location, time period (past, present, future), and social/cultural conditions.

Social Journalism

• The media model combines professional journalism with contributor and reader content.
• It relies on community involvement, audience engagement, social newsgathering, data analytics, and relationship-building.

Citizen Journalism

• Citizen Journalism is known as collaborative, participatory, democratic, guerrilla, or street journalism.
• It relies upon public citizens playing an active role in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and distributing news.

Yellow Journalism

• Yellow Journalism uses eye-catching headlines.
• Exaggerations and sensationalism are used to increase sales.

Adversarial Journalism

• Its goal is to reveal the unethical activities of public officials.
• The journalist may deviate from originally agreed topics or intrude on forbidden topics during interviews.

Manipulative Media

• Used to help with hands-on learning.
• Learners manipulate objects or programs to understand concepts.
• Examples are Abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, and Rubik's Cube.

Interactive Media

• Computer systems allow users control and combine media.
• Media include text, sound, video, computer graphics and animation.
• Examples are websites, user-generated content, interactive television, gaming, advertising and mobile telephony.

Pre-Industrial Age

• Existed before the 1700's.
• People had learned fire, paper, weapons and tools of stone, bronze, copper and iron.

Industrial Age

• 1700's-1930's
• People discovered the use of power steam.
• Machine tools were developed for iron production.
• Manufacturing of various products, including books using the printing press.

Electronic Age

• 1930's-1980's
• The transistor was invented and ushered in this age.
• Harnessing transistors led to transistor radios, electronic circuits, and early computers.
• Long-distance communication became more efficient.

Information Age

• 1900's-2000's
• The Internet was created making faster communication possible.
• Use of microelectronics advanced with personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology.
• Voice, image, sound and data digitized and are now at the present time.

Character

• Can be a person, animal, or personified object.
• Every story has a main character, but not always secondary characters.

Plot

• Events unfold in the story, including introduction, rising action, climax, falling action, and resolution.
• Plot is often represented as an arc.

Conflict

• Conflict is a challenge or problem that drives the story.
• All stories have a conflict.

Theme

• Theme is an idea, belief, moral, insight, or lesson.
• It is the central argument the author wants readed to understand.

Point-of-View

• The story can be told in first person ("I") or third person ("he/she/it").
• Limited is one characters perspective.
• Multiple are many character's perspectives.
• Omniscient is all knowing narrator.

Tone

• Tone is The overall emotional “tone” or meaning of the story.
• It can be happy, funny, sad, or depressed.
• Achieved through word choice, grammar, theme, imagery, description, symbolism, sound, rhythm, and musicality.

Style

• Style is how a story is written.
• Word choice, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor, simile, and hyperbole contribute to tone.

Confucianism

• An ancient Chinese belief system.
• Focuses on personal ethics and morality.
• Can be religion or just philosophy.
• Mencius (Meng Ke, 372-289 B.C.E.) is a famous Confucian philosopher after Confucius.

Buddhism

• Buddhism started with Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha") >2,500 years ago in India.
• Has ≈470 million followers.

Indios

• Indios were native peoples in Spanish America and Asia.
• The Chamorros in the Mariana Islands during the 17th–19th centuries were classified as indios.
• They were the lowest rank in the Spanish racial hierarchy.

Evolution

• Gradual changes occur.
• Organisms evolve from simple to complex forms.
• Evolution started billons of years ago in the oceans.
• Darwin's Origin of Species.
• Natural Selection.
• Variation.
• Struggle To Exist.
• Survival of the Fittest.
• Outcome of the interaction amongst the following five processes:
• Mutation.
• Genetic Recombination.
• Chromosomal Abnormalities.
• Reproductive isolation.
• Natural Selection.

Dryopithecus

• Considered ancestors to man and apes.
• They lived in China, Africa, Europe and India.
• Dryopithecus means oak wood apes.
• They mainly ate herbs.

Ramapithecus

• Ramapithecus remains have been found in Punjab, Africa, and Saudi Arabia.
• They lived in open grasslands.
• Two findings confirm the Hominid status:
• Thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws and shorter canines.
• The Usage of hands for food and defense and extrapolations of upright posture.

Australopithecus

• First fossil was discovered in South Africa in 1924.
• They lived on the ground.
• Used stones for weapons and walked upright.
• They were 4 feet tall and 60-80 pounds.

Homo Erectus

• The first Homo Erectus fossil was found in Java in 1891.
• Called Pithecanthropus Erectus.
• Considered the missing link between man and apes.
• They lived in communities and had large cranial capacities.
• Homo Erectus used tools of quartz, bones and wood, and also used fire.
• They were believed to dwell in caves.

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

• They evolved from Homo Erectus.
• Two species identified: Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens.
• Neanderthal's cranial capacity grew from 1200 to 1600 cc.
• Some small hand axes discovered.
• This species of hominids hunted big names such as mammoths.

Homo Sapiens

• Remains discovered in Europe named Cro-Magnon.
• modern man's chin and rounded skull.
• Had cranial capacity of ≈1350 cc.
• Art appeared in this time.
• They gathered food through hunting.

Media Literacy

• Media literacy encompasses the ability to identify different media types and their messages.
• Print media, theatrical presentations, tweets, and radio broadcasts.

Information Literacy

• Information literacy includes finding, evaluating, communicating information in various forms.

Technology Literacy

• Technology literacy is the ability to use technology tools responsibly and effectively.

Sender in Communication

• The Sender or communicator begins the conversation.
• Sender has the idea they wants to convey to others.

Ecoding in Communication

• The sender uses encoding of certain words or non-verbal methods.
• Encoding uses symbols, signs, and body gestures.

Message in Communication

• Once used, the sender gets the message that needs sending.
• The message can be written, symbolic or non-verbal.
• Examples are, body gestures, silence, sighs, and sounds.

Communication Channel

• Sender chooses the medium to convey the message.
• This includes oral, virtual, written, sound, and gesture.

Receiver

• It is the reason the message is intended for.
• The receiver decodes the message based on knowledge of the subject.

Decoding

• The receiver interprets the message and tries to understand.
• Understanding must be to the same degree as the senders intetion.

Feedback

• Guarantees the receiver has recieved and interpreted correctly.
• Feedback is verbal or non-verbal.

Modus Ponens

• Modus ponens is a deductive argument form and rule of inference, also known as modus ponendo ponens.
• An example of the modus ponens is, "If today is Tuesday, then John will go to work. Today is Tuesday. Therefore, John will go to work.”

Modus Tollens

• Modus tollens is a valid argument form in propositional calculus.
• The king having a crown is an example.

Direct Proof

• A direct proof is a blend of well established facts.

Indirect Proof

• An indirect proof relies on a contradiction to prove a point.

Normal Distribution

• A normal distribution, sometimes called the bell curve, occurs naturally.
• It is seen in tests like the SAT and GRE.

Inverse

• The inverse is usually shown by putting a little "-1" after the function name, like this: f-1(y), and the inverse of f(x) = 2x+3 is written: f-1(y) = (y-3)/2.

Geomerty Formulas

• Diameter of a Circle (D) = 2 × r.
• Circumference of a Circle (C) = 2 × π × r.
• Area of a Circle (A) = π × r^2.
• Square Perimeter = 4 × side.
• Rectangle Perimeter = 2 × (length + width)/
• Parallelogram Perimeter = 2 × (side1 + side2).
• Triangle Perimeter = side1 + side2 + side3.
• Regular n-polygon Perimeter= n × side.
• Trapezoid Area= height × (base1 + base2) / 2.
• More Trapezoid Area= base1 + base2 + height × [csc(theta1) + csc(theta2)].
• Square Area= side^2.
• Rectangle Area= length × width
• Parallelogram Area= base × height
• Triangle Area= base × height / 2
• Regular n-polygon Area= (1/4) × n × side2 × cot(pi/n)
• Trapezoid Area= height × (base1 + base2) / 2
• Cube Volume= side^3
• Rectangular Prism Volume= side1 × side2 × side3

Two-Valued Logic

• Used by mathematicians to define every statement either True or False
• Referred to as the Law of the Excluded Middle.

Sentential Logic

• It is built from simple statements.
• The truth of components depends on their connective truth/falsity.

Compound Statement

• Truth of the connectives depends on the truth or falsity of single components.
• A Truth Table shows dependance of simple statements truth or falsity.

Negation

• Here is the table for negation (P can stand for anything logical).
• If P is true, P is false, if P is false, so P is true.

Logical Implication

• Should be rue when both P and Q are true, and false otherwise.

Equivalence in Logic

• Means that P and Q are equivalent.
• P and Q are both true or if P and Q are both false; otherwise, the double implication is false.

Bonds

• A Bond is a contract between companies.
• They are issued to borrow large amounts of money.
• Investors are paid back at a maturity date, with a bit more than they paid for the bond.

Amortization

• spreading out a loan into equal payments over time resulting in the loan is paid off at the end of the payment schedule.
• Some of each payment goes towards interest costs and some goes toward your loan balance.

Annuity

• An annuity is a long-term agreement (contract) between you and an insurance company that allows you accumulate funds on a tax-deferred basis for later payout in the form of a guaranteed income that you cannot outlive.

Shares

• Shares are units of equity ownership interest in a corporation that exist as a financial asset providing for an equal distribution in any residual profits, if any are declared, in the form of dividends.
• Shareholders may also enjoy capital gains if the value of the company rises.

Stocks

• A stock is a general term used to describe the ownership certificates of any company.
• They are either common or preferred.

Null Hypothesis

• A statement about the population believed to be true.
• It challenges unless incorrect beyond reasonable doubt.

Alternative Hypothesis

• An alternative hypothesis contradicts null hypothesis
• This concludes with reject H0.
• Evidence/sample data must be examined due to contradiction.
• After which one can support and make a decision to either reject Ho or “Do not reject Hỏ”.

Mathematical Sysmbols

• Ho equal (=)
• Ha not equal (≠)
• Ho greater than or equal to (≥).
• Ha less than ().

Asymptote

• Line a graph approaches at positive or negative infinity.
• Vertical, horizontal, and oblique.

Vertical Asymptote

• A vertical asymptote is a vertical line at x=a.

Horizontal Asymptote

• A horizontal asymptote is a horizonal line at y=a.

Oblique (Slant) Asymptote

• The Line has the equation y=mx+b, where m≠0.
• This occurs when the degree of the denominator is one less than numerator.

Probability Distribution

• The likely values of likelihoods for a random variable.

Standard Deviation

• Quantifies measure of a group's spread.
• Low means close to average -High means spread out.

Confidence Intervals

• A determined value is calculated for sample observations (e.g. mean statistic).
• This believes to contain with probability.

Interest Rate

• The percentage charged on borrowed.
• This will have effect on the amount that is borrowed amount.

Oceans

• Oceans cover >70% of the Earth’s surface.
• 1.86 mi (3 km) deep
• Deepest depth of ~36,200 ft (11,000 m or almost 7 miles.
• Average, the ocean is 12,100 ft (3,688 m) deep.
• They contain animals deep below and 99%of all life.

Ocean Zones

• Epipelagic (Surface to 650 feet)
• Mesopelagic (650ft-3,300ft)
• Bathypelagic Zone (3,300-13,000feet),
• Abyssopelagic Zone Zone (13,000ft-20,000ft)
• Hadopelagic Zone or deep ocean trenches (20,000 feet).
• The ocean produce ~50% of everything we have for the air we breathe.

Humankind

• Humankind has explored only 50% of the waters of the Earth.
• Believed to have touched it all.

Comets

• Loose collections of ice, dust and small rocky particles km in range.
• Contain rocks, dust, ammonia, and carbon.

Meteors

• When high speed planet’s atmosphere it burns and creats "shooting stars.”

Ecosystem

• This is a community with a group of related living organisms.

Skin

• 15-20% weight by total body’s mass.
• Prevents and regulates water loss/temperature, transmits feelings.
• Hair and nails used.

Skeleton

• This has support to internal organs.
• Bones use tissue marrow to make blood cells.
• Can get diseases like cancer, fractures and scoliosis.

Muscular System - Cardiac

• Cardiac muscles in the heart maintain the blood flow.

Muscular System - Smooth

• They are involuntary smooth muscles.
• They surround the internal organs and moving through the digestive tract.

Muscular System-Skeletal

• Voluntary muscle used to react.
• Brain causes movement and maintains posture.
• Atrophy from to much muscle occurs.

Lymphatic System

• This drain clean from fluids and tissues, it have the lymphocytes for body reaction.

Respiratory System

• This uses breathing by carrying cellular respiration's CO2 by absorbing the O2 lungs for the supply.
• Functions include speech, allergies rhinitis and the cancers of the lungs.

Digestive System

• Absorbs absorption material and eliminates the bodies waste.
• Diseases and the liver by cancers and cronhns.

Nervous System

• The distinct brain that is separate from body it is controls all the body's systems of the body
• The brain can catch diseases from palsy, paralysis and seizures.

Endocrine

• Glands that produce hormones.

Circulatory-System

• Blood vessels and the blood flow nutrients throughout the body.

Urinary system

• It wastes any products in the body.
• It controls fluid volume.

Female

• Has the organs of a Mammary/Fallopian.
• It produce milk and functions human is a product of disorders with disease.

Igneous Rocks

• Formed by solidification of material from the material surface
• Form from the surface and form surface types.

Interusive Igneous Rocks

• Intrusive Crystallize below the rocks.

Extrusive igneous rocks

• the rocks erupt on a cooling small crystal or amorphous material
• andesite,obsidian and phyolite

Metamorphic and layered rocks

• They are modified by heat from pressure
• Exposure affects chemicals in material.

Sedimentary Rocks

• Sedimentary is debris on other material
• Clastic sedimentary is mechanical weathering.
• Chemical sedimentary that use flint and iron.
• organic used to to be from animal debris.
• Weather erosions and the plant breakdown.

Equinoxes

• Earth's atmosphere equally by the suns rays.
• Said to be equal in latin aequus.

Solstice

• Solar point that is farthest from Earths surface the shortest day.
• A summer has the longest.

Atmosphere

• Is from the Earth
• Gasses include nitrogen.
• The ozones are traces.

Organism Type

• cell can be a parent or the cell will split .
• A sexual fragment creates genetic matter.
• Aparent cell uses other material.

Genetic/asexual vocabulary with production

• There is no reproduction in sex with other people.
• Spores are haploids in algae.
• Zygotes are an egg that is fertilized.

Weather

• The tropic waves that are moved by pressure.

Tropical Distubence

• Tropic system causes miles in tropic.

Tropic Cyclone

• low cycle fronts that have tropic water flow.

Extratropic

• Result from masses.

Post-Tropic

• Tropics cannot keep heavyness.
• -Lows are called post tropic types.

Sub-Tropic

• is now fronted for the cycles with tropics.

• Has water that cycles is from centre.

• Has some symmetry for the disturbance.

Tropic Depression

• Tropic with surface sustain on 30mph.

Tropic Storm

• Cyclone with 38 and 73 mphs

A hurricane

• Is cyclone with at leat 74mphs.

Tropic Warning

• Means that winds from are 39- 73 mphs.
• Have to watch within period.

Tropical Watch

• Watch sustains winds are possible.
• You have 48 hours to do all that can prepare with force.

Cyclone

• Forces use wind that can get watch a storm.
• Should always go with the hurricane even if subsided.

Water and Weather

• Are bands are the cloudiness in centres.
• Its a abnormal rise in the sea that is from storm.

Storm level

• The wave raises as with a tide.

Genetic

• Genetic material that is formed with other dna traits, that change bodies.

Fermentation

• The microorganism that create change to the beverage.
• The foods come to include cheese/alcohol.
• Ferver means boil.
• A metabolite means latin.

Acetic

• This means grain, which includes combuta vinegars.

Molecules

• Is a material, if that is created give something.
• And organic acid ionizes a hydrogen to give out a anion.

Alcohol

• A clear liquid thats include beer,wine.

Covalent

• To find the metal nonmetal.

Bonding

• When non atoms get charged with electrons.

Non molecules

• Have an electron bonded.

Polar molecule

• Chemical thats share is polar nonmolecule.

Metals

• Ionic are more that is joined.

Alumiunm

• In the wire an can create act action.

Plastic

• Are crystal with the poly ethylene.

A number like

• Volume/time these quantities that can be used its scalar.

Polymer

• Synthetics like oil, are produced by scientists.

What does a polymer consist of

• Epoxies polyester and the ethyline's.

Newtons

• The outside force with the gravity pulls on material objects.