Communication skills explained

Types of Communication Skills

• Formal communication is referred to as official and covers verbal expressions for formal needs.
• Informal communication is popular, referred to as the unofficial grapevine.
• Word-of-mouth information that can open individuals up to unofficial yet provocative information.

Oral Communication

• Face-to-face oral communication it is the most recognized.
• Can be formal or informal like with friends, family, colleagues or during professional presentations.
• Distance oral communication makes the world more accessible through mobile phones, video-conferencing, webinars.
• Tone and pace is a priority over other expressions.

Non-verbal Communication

• More subtle, yet far more powerful.
• Involves gestures, postures, tone, pace and attitude.

Written Communication

• Written communication used to depend on mail, formal notes, or legal notices.
• Written communication has now taken over every aspect of the world.

Kinesics

• All about communication through body movements like gestures and facial expressions or body language.

Proxemics

• Studies the space and how those spaces can make one feel comfortable.
• How close someone stands next to another person depends on the relationship.
• Intimate space: Very close, within one foot (sometimes touching).

Haptic Communication

• Refers to ways humans and animals communicate and interact via sense of touch.
• Touch is the most sophisticated way to interact with the five senses.

Paralanguage

• Paralanguage refers to vocalized but nonverbal parts of a message otherwise known as vocalics..
• These include the vocal qualities that coincide with verbal messages such as pitch, volume, rate, vocal quality, and verbal fillers.

Chronemics

• Studies time used in nonverbal communications.
• Can affect lifestyles, agendas, speech, movements and listener ability.

Agyu

• Epic hero of Bukidnon

Setting

• Consists of physical location with time (past, present, or future) and cultural conditions in which the characters exist.

Social Journalism

• Uses a hybrid of professional journalism, contributor, and reader content.
• Has community involvement, engagement, gathering, data, analytics, and relationship building.

Citizen Journalism

• Uses citizen’s active role in collecting, reporting, analyzing, and disseminating news and information (collaborative media, participatory journalism, democratic journalism, guerrilla journalism or street journalism).

Yellow Journalism

• Uses little or no legitimate, well-researched news.
• Uses eye-catching headlines for increased sales (exaggerations, scandal-mongering, or sensationalism).

Adversarial Journalism

• Seeks to uncover wrongdoings of public officials such as moving away from an agreed upon interview topic (Gotcha journalism).

Manipulative Media

• Tools to aid in hands-on learning like physical objects or computer programs learners can manipulate.
• Examples are an abacus, Jigsaw Puzzles, Lego, Rubik's Cube.

Interactive Media

• Computer-delivered electronic system allows the user to control, combine, and manipulate media.
• Examples include web sites, user-generated content, interactive television, gaming, interactive advertising, blogs and mobile telephony.

Pre-Industrial Age

• Discovered fire, developed paper from plants, and forged weapons/tools with stone, bronze, copper and iron.

Industrial Age

• Discovered the use of power steam, developed machine tools, iron production, and manufacturing of various products through the printing press.

Electronic Age

• Invented the transistor ushered in the electronic age.
• Harnessed the power of transistors that led to the transistor radio, electronic circuits, and the early computers where long distance communication became more efficient.

Information Age

• Internet paved the way for faster communication and creation of social networks.
• Advanced the microelectronics with the invention of personal computers, mobile devices, and wearable technology where voice, image, sound and data are digitalized.

Character

• Person or animal or anything personified where there can be a main character with secondary characters.

Plot

• The events that happen in the story: Introduction, rising action, a climax, the falling action, and a resolution.

Conflict

• Every story has a challenge or problem around which the plot is based.

Theme

• Idea, belief, moral, lesson or insight to make the reader understand what the author is trying to say (the "why" of the story).

Point-of-View

• “Who” is telling the story like first person (“I”) or third person (“he/she/it”).
• Limited (one character's perspective), multiple (many characters' perspectives) or omniscient (all knowing narrator).

Tone

• The overall emotional feeling of the story.
• Can be portrayed through word and grammar choices, theme imagery, description, symbolism, and the sounds of the words in combination (i.e. rhyme, rhythm, musicality).

Style

• Word choices, sentence structure, dialogue, metaphor, simile, hyperbole significantly contributing to the tone.

Confucianism

• An ancient Chinese belief system that focuses on the ethics and morality where Mencius is most known Confucian philosopher after Confucius.

Buddhism

• There are 470 million followers in a faith that was founded by Siddhartha Gautama ("the Buddha") more than 2,500 years ago in India.

Indios

• Refers to the native indigenous peoples in the Spanish America and Asia possessions, classified as the lowest-ranked group in the Spanish racial hierarchy (Chamorros people were classified as during the Spanish colonial period in the Mariana Islands).

Evolution

• Involves the gradual changes from simple to more complex forms thought to have begun in the oceans
• Includes series of Darwin's natural selection with variation and the struggle to exist for the survival of the fittest emphasizing Mutation, genetic recombination, chromosomal abnormalities, reproductive isolation and natural selection.

Dryopithecus

• Deemed to be the ancestors of both man and apes that lived in China, Africa, Europe and India.
• The genus Dryopithecus refers to the oak wood apes that could have predominantly been herbivores.

Ramapithecus

• Remains were discovered from the Shivalik range in Punjab and later in Africa and Saudi Arabia.
• Lived in open grasslands with the hominid status of Thickened tooth enamel, robust jaws and shorter canines and the usage of hands for food and defence and extrapolations of upright posture.

Australopithecus

• The fossil of this genus was first discovered in 1924 in South Africa.
• They lived on the ground using stones as weapons and walked erect where they were 4 feet tall and weighed 60-80 pounds.

Homo Erectus

• First fossil was found in Java in 1891 called Pithecanthropus Erectus known as the missing link between the man and apes.
• Another discovery made in China was the Peking man where this specimen had large cranial capacities thought to have lived in communities
• Consisted of tools comprising quartz, bones and wood with evidence of collective huntings and the use of fire, dwelling in caves.

Homo Sapiens Neanderthalensis

• Involved Homo Erectus evolving into Homo Sapiens with sub-species Homo sapien Neanderthal and Homo sapiens sapiens
• The cranial capacity of Neanderthal grew from 1200 to 1600 cc where some small hand axes have also been discovered with the ability to hunt mammoths.

Homo Sapiens

• Remains were first discovered in Europe named Cro-Magnon with reduced jaws, a modern man's chin, and a rounded skull.
• Cranial capacity was about 1350 cc where they gathered food through hunting with art first appeared during this time.

Media Literacy

• Ability to identify different types of media and their messages.
• Encompasses print media, such as newspapers, magazines and posters, and theatrical presentations, tweets, radio broadcasts, etc.

Information Literacy

• Ability to find, evaluate, organize, use, and communicate information in all forms for decision making, problem solving, or knowledge.

Technology Literacy

• Ability of an individual to responsibly, appropriately and effectively use technology tools.

Sender

• Initiates the conversation with the idea to convey.

Encoding

• Encodes certain words or non-verbal methods such as symbols, signs, body gestures etc. to translate the information into a message.

Message

• It can be written, oral, symbolic or non-verbal such as body gestures, silence, sighs, sounds etc. or any other signal that triggers the response of a receiver.

Communication Channel

• Chooses the medium through which he wants to convey his message to the recipient like Oral, virtual, written, sound, gesture.

Receiver

• Understands the message as much as possible so that the degree the receiver decodes depends on his knowledge of the subject matter, experience, trust and relationship.

Decoding

• Tries to understand it in the best possible manner where effective communication occurs if the receiver understands how it was intended.

Feedback

• Receiver received and interpreted it correctly as it was intended by the sender.
• Increases the effectiveness of knowing the efficacy of his message where the response of the receiver can be verbal or non-verbal.

Note

• The noise shows the barriers in communications where the message sent by the sender is not received by the recipient.

Modus Ponens

• If today is Tuesday, then John will go to work which is also known as modus ponendo ponens.
• Today is Tuesday, therefore, John will go to work which fits the form modus ponens.

Modus Tollens

• Is valid argument form in propositional calculus which propositions.
• Is if implies if is false then implies is false also known as an indirect proof or proof by contrapositive..

Direct Proof

• Way of showing the truth or falsehood of a given statement by using established facts, usually axioms, existing lemmas and theorems, without making assumptions.

Indirect Proof

• Relies on a contradiction to prove a given conjecture by assuming the conjecture is untrue to prove the conjecture must be true.

Normal Distribution

• Sometimes called the bell curve and distribution occurs naturally in many situations, like exams.

Inverse

• Shown is usually shown by putting a little "-1" like this: which makes f inverse of y is which is written:.

Diameter of a Circle

• D = 2 × r

Circumference of a Circle

• C = 2 × ㅠ × r

Area of a Circle

• Α = πχ γ²

Square

• 4 x side

Rectangle

• 2 x (length + width)

Parallelogram

• 2 ×(side1 + side2)

Triangle

• side1 + side2 + side3

Regular N-Polygon

• n × side

Trapezoid

• Height x (base1 + base2) / 2
• Base1 + base2 + height x [csc(theta1) + csc(theta2)]

Square

• side^2

Rectangle

• Length x width

Parallelogram

• Base ×height

Triangle

• Base × height / 2

Regular N-Polygon

• (1/4) × N × side2 ×cot(pi/N)

Cube

• side^3

Rectangular Prism

• side1 × side2 × side3

Two-valued Logic

• Mathematicians normally use where every situation is either true or false (Law of the Excluded Middle).

Connectives

• Statement in sentential logic is built from simple statements using in a statement.
• The truth or falsity of a statemenets depends when built with these connective depends on the truth or falsity of its components.

Truth Table

• Shows how the truth or falsity of a compound statement depends on the truth or falsity of the simple statements.

Bond

• Contract between two companies.

Stocks

• Of equity ownership interest in a corporation that exists as a financial asset providing for an equal distribution in any residual profits.

Null Hypothesis

• A statement used to put forth an argument unless incorrect beyond a reasonable doubt.

Alternative Hypothesis

• The claim that contradicts the null hypothesis as H0 always has a symbol with an equal in it.
• HA never has a symbol with an equal as researchers only make the decision to reject or not reject the null hypothesis, depending on equal in it.

Mathematical Symbols

• Equal (=) has a null hypothesis (H0) symbol.
• Not equal (≠) or greater than (>) or less than (<) are alternative hypothesis.

Asymptote

• Line that the graph of a function approaches as either x or y go to positive or negative infinity.
• There are three types of asymptotes: vertical, horizontal and oblique.

Probability Distribution

• Describes values and likelihoods for a random variable within a given range.

Standard Deviation

• Number to tell measurements for a group are spread out from the average (mean or expected value).
• If it is low, the number’s closer to the average.
• If it is high, the numbers are more spread out.

Confidence Intervals

• Given statistic calculated for a sample of observations (e.g. the mean) where the confidence interval is a range of values that are believed to contain, with a certain probability
• Speaking 95% confidence interval means that if we were to take 100 different samples then approximately 95 of the 100 confidence intervals will contain the true mean value (μ).

Interest Rate

• A percentage charged on the total amount you borrow or save where even a small change on the interest rates can have a big impact.

Science

• Oceans cover 70% of Earth's surface, where As we know, the ocean is close to 7 miles deep at its deepest point.

Ocean Zones

• Divided into five zones: epipelagic, mesopelagic, bathypelagic, abyssopelagic (abyss), and hadopelagic that produces more 50% of the air we breathe.

Comets

• Nuclei are loose collections of ice, dust and small rocky particles.
• Mostly composed of rock, dust, ice and frozen gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, methane, and ammonia.

Meteors

• When meteoroids enter Earth's atmosphere at high speed and burn up it is often called shooting stars.
• When a meteoroid survives a trip through the atmosphere and hits the ground, it's called a meteorite.

Ecosystem

• A community or group of living organisms that live in and interact with each other in a specific environment.

Skin

• Prevents water loss, regulates body temperature, and acts as a barrier.

Skeletal System

• Connects to our major muscles to allow movement, storing calcium and creating blood cells.
• 206 bone, and prone to diseases such as arthritis, scoliosis, osteoporosis, gout, bursitis, fractures, and breaks.

Muscular System

• Cardiac muscles are found in the heart giving cardiac actions;
• Smooth, or involuntary muscles surround the internal organs and allow movement;
• Skeletal, or voluntary muscles cause actions sent from the brain.
• Diseases include muscular dystrophy, fibromyalgia; tendinitis; multiple sclerosis; and muscle strain or sprains; hernias.

Lymphatic System

• Transports fluids in the body and involved in protecting bodies from infection housed with white blood cells.
• Diseases and disorders include anemias, leukemia, tuberculosis of the lymph nodes, Hodgkin's disease, and other blood disorders.

Respiratory System

• Maintains our breathing through supplying the body with oxygen in the lungs.
• Diseases and disorders include allergies, COPD, bronchitis, emphysema, and asthma.

Digestive System

• Breaks down and absorbs nutrients, starting with our mouths.
• Carries those functions like identifying minerals, vitamins, and other essentials.
• Diseases include gastritis, pancreatitis, cholecystitis, liver cancer, and Crone's disease, and hemorrhoids.

Nervous System

• Central (brain and spinal cord) and peripheral (the nerves) controlling all of the other systems of the body through changes, activating muscles and breathing, and transmitting information.
• Disorders consist of paralysis, Parkinson's, embolisms, thrombosis, and arteriosclerosis and MS.

Endocrine System

• Is glands secrete chemicals (hormones) that regulate hormones, disease, and disorders like controlling glucose.
• Examples include Type 1 & Type 2 Diabetes, hypoglycemia, Addison's disease, and Cushing's syndrome.

Cardiovascular (Circulatory) System

• The heart pumps blood vessels transporting to every part of our body while diseases and disorders associated include myocardial infarction, coronary bypass surgery etc.

Urinary System

• Eliminates waste products of metabolism and other materials from the body also maintaining the balanced fluid volume Diseases include nephrosis, bladder cancer, urethritis, bedwetting (enuresis), urinary stones, and infections.

Reproductive System

• Male (prostate gland, penis, testis, scrotum, ductus deferens).
• Female (Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, fallopian tube) mainly functioning to create human life as associated disorders include breast cancer.

Igneous Rocks

• Are formed from the solidification of molten rock material where Intrusive crystallize below and extrusive rocks erupt onto the surface.

Metamorphic Rocks

• Modified by heat, pressure, and chemical processes where Foliated have a layered appearance and Non-foliated do not have the layered appearance.

Sedimentary Rocks

• Are formed by the accumulation of sediments with Clastic sedimentary rock that form from accumulation, chemical Rocks forming with preciptate from solution, and organic rocks form when there’s accumulation of plant or animal debris.

Erosion

• The geological process in which materials are worn away and transported.

Weathering

• Dissolving of rocks and minerals where after which is broken down transports the bits .

Equinox

• Earth's hemispheres are receiving the sun's rays equally as night and day are equal in length.

Solstice

• Two moments in the year when the Sun's apparent path is farthest north or south from equator.
• Shortest in the winter and the longest during the summer.

Atmosphere

• Nitrogen accounts for 78% of the atmosphere.
• Oxygen 21% and argon is 0.9%.
• Gases like carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides, methane, and ozone are trace gases that account for about a tenth of one percent of the atmosphere.

Fission

• Occurs when a parent cell splits into two identical daughter cells of the same size such as with Bacteria, Protists, Unicellular Fungi.

Fragmentation

• Occurs when a parent organism breaks into fragments such as Starfish, some worms, fungi, plants, lichens.

Budding

• Occurs when a parent cell forms a bubble like bud with Yeast, Hydra.

Vegetative Reproduction

• Occurs when new individuals are formed without the production of seeds or spores with Plants.

Agamogenesis

• Any reproduction without the involvement of a gamete with plants and some animals.

Gametogenesis

• Form of reproduction not involving a male gamete.

Tropical Wave

• An inverted trough or cyclonic curvature known as an easterly wave.

Tropical Disturbance

• Originated in the tropics or subtropics where there are a tropical weather system with organized convection (generally 100-300 miles in diameter).

Tropical Cyclone

• Develops over tropical waters with with organized deep convection with a closed wind circulation in a well-defined center.

Extratropical Cyclone

• The Cyclone for its' energy source is baroclinic which results from the temperature contrast between warm & cold air masses.

Post-Tropical Cyclone

• They continue to carry heavy rains and high winds although no longer being considered a tropical cyclone.

Remnant Low

• Class of post tropical with winds of less than 34 knots.

Subtropical Cyclone

• Non-frontal low system with characteristics of both cyclones and extratropical cyclones.

Tropical Depression

• Maximum sustained surface winds (one-minute average) of less than 38 mph.

Tropical Storm

• Maximum sustained surface winds ranging from 39-73 mph.

Hurricane

• Maximum sustained surface winds of 74 mph or greater.

Tropical Storm Watch

• Issued when Tropical Storm Conditions, including winds of 39-73 pose a POSSIBLE threat.

Tropical Storm Warning

• When winds of 39-73 mph, are EXPECTED in a specified coastal area.

Hurricane Watch

• Sustained winds of 74 mph or higher are POSSIBLE within the specified area.

Hurricane Warning

• Sustained winds of 74 mph or higher are EXPECTED somewhere within the specified area.

Eye Wall

• Band of cumulonimbus clouds immediately surrounding the center.

Storm Surge

• An abnormal rise in sea level accompanying a tropical cyclone.

Storm Tide

• Water level rise resulting from the astronomical tide combined with the storm surge.

Genetic Engineering

• Uses recombinant DNA technology to change the genetic makeup of an organism.

Fermentation

• Uses microorganisms activity to create a desirable change in food and beverages, with sour foods containing lactic acid, including sauerkraut, kimchi, and pepperoni.

Lactic Acid Fermentation

• Cell turns glucose to lactate.

Ethanol Fermentation

• Alcohol using yeast

Acetic Acid Fermentation

• Ferment starches and sugars from grain to vinegar. Examples: Apple cider vinegar, wine vinegar, and kombucha.

Pyruvic Acid

• When oxygen is present it supplies energy to living cells and ferments to lactic acid lacking oxygen, term pyruvate.

Ethanol

• Clear, colorless liquid with beverages.

Bond (Ionic / Covalent)

• lonic bonds join metals with non-metal while covalent is between two nonmetals.

Metallic Bonds

• Occur among metal atoms with metallic bonding joining a bulk of metal atoms like a sheet of aluminum foil and a copper wire..

Polyethylene

• A lightweight, durable thermoplastic with variable crystalline structure used in applications ranging for films, tubes, plastic
• Also known as PLASTIC

Vector Quantities

• Physical quantities where for example, displacement, force, torque, momentum, acceleration, velocity, etc. has magnitude as well as direction.

Scalars

• For example, mass, density, time, temperature, volume, energy, speed, etc quantities being using a number only.

Synthetic Polymers

• From petroleum oil like nylon and epoxy.

Weight & Mass

• W=mg applies for all times.