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Questions and Answers
Which of the following describes the content level of meaning in communication?
What is one reason why studying communication is important?
How does communication influence personal identity according to George Herbert Mead?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of communication?
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What is a consequence of social isolation on an individual's health?
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In effective personal relationships, communication serves to:
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Which level of meaning expresses the relationship between communicators?
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How can effective communication promote physical well-being?
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What is the primary setting for small group interaction?
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Which of the following best describes organizational communication?
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What type of communication involves speaking to a large audience in person?
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What is the role of the sender in the communication process?
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Which of the following best defines a message in communication?
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What is mass communication primarily used for?
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Which type of communication aims to share information across different cultures?
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What does the term 'extrapersonal communication' refer to?
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What is the role of the receiver in the communication process?
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Which of the following best describes 'channel' in communication?
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What type of feedback involves assessing your own communication?
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Which type of noise is characterized by external stimuli making a message difficult to hear?
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What is an example of psychological noise?
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Which type of channel is represented by electronic means such as phones and the internet?
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Which statement is correct regarding the role of the receiver?
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What kind of noise occurs when different meanings are applied to the same message?
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What is a key characteristic of the interactional model of communication?
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In the transactional model of communication, how is the sending and receiving of messages described?
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What does 'field of experience' refer to in communication theory?
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Which of the following best describes the nature of communication in the early models?
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What does the transactional model suggest about the process of creating meaning?
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In which model is the concept of 'noise' introduced as a barrier to communication?
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What is the main advantage of the interactional approach over the earlier models?
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What aspect of communication does the transactional model emphasize?
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What role do encoders play in the model of mass communication?
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What is meant by 'delayed inferential feedback' in mass communication?
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How do many receivers in mass communication typically process identical messages?
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Which factor is considered an input in the model of mass communication?
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In the model of mass communication, what is indicated by the term 'mass audience'?
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Study Notes
Communication Principles
- Communication can be intentional or unintentional.
- It’s impossible not to communicate.
- Communication is irreversible.
- Communication is unrepeatable.
Communication Meaning
- Communication has two levels of meaning:
- Content level of meaning: The literal message.
- Relationship level of meaning: Expresses the relationship between communicators.
Importance of Studying Communication
- Formal study can improve communication skills.
- Theories and principles can help us make sense of everyday interactions and have influence.
- Communication impacts personal life, professional life and civic life.
Communication & Personal Life
- George Herbert Mead says humans are talked into humanity.
- We gain our identities through communication.
- Identity is formed based on the messages received from others.
- Communication directly influences our physical well-being.
- Lacking close friends is linked to higher anxiety, depression, heart disease, and early death.
Communication & Personal Relationships
- Effective communication is essential to personal relationships.
- Building connections involves revealing our private identities, asking questions, listening, problem-solving, remembering shared history and planning for the future.
- Everyday talk and nonverbal interaction form the foundation of relationships.
Communication Contexts
- Organizational Communication: Communication with and among large, extended environments with a defined hierarchy.
- Mass Communication: Communication to a large audience via a mediated channel such as television, radio, the internet, or newspapers.
- Public Communication: Communication in which one person gives a speech to a large audience in person. Public speaking is often called public communication.
- Intercultural Communication: Communication that aims to share information across different cultures and social social groups.
- Extrapersonal Communication: Communication between humans and non-human entities or machines.
Components of the Communication Process
- Sender: The source of a message, encodes a message to produce a desired response; initiates the communication process.
- Message: The physical product of the source; spoken, written or unspoken information sent from a sender to a receiver.
- Receiver: The recipient of the message; responds to the sender by listening, reading, or observing carefully, interpreting the message, and responding.
- Channel: The pathway to communication representing the sender's senses (visual/sight, tactile/touch, olfactory/smell and auditory/hearing).
- Feedback/Effect: A verbal or nonverbal response to a message. Two types of feedback: Internal (self-assessment) & External (response from others.)
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Noise (Interference): Any interference with the message:
- Physical noise (external noise)
- Physiological noise (biological influences)
- Psychological noise (internal noise)
- Semantic noise (different meanings applied to the same message)
Interactional Model: Osgood-Schramm’s Model
- Communication is reciprocal and goes in two directions: sender to receiver and from receiver to sender.
- Communication is ongoing rather than linear.
- Feedback is characterized primarily by responses to people, their messages, or both.
Shared Meaning and the Transactional Model
- Communication is the reciprocal sending and receiving of messages.
- The sender and receiver build shared meaning through simultaneous sending and receiving.
- Giving and receiving messages is simultaneous and mutual.
- The transactional process requires ongoing negotiation of meaning.
- It is characterized by a common "field of experience" which refers to the influence of a person's culture, past experiences, personal history and heredity on the communication process.
Models of Communication
- Early models showed that communication is linear.
- The interactional approach expanded this thinking by viewing it as a circular process involving feedback.
- The transactional approach emphasizes the importance of the communicators' shared field of experience and simultaneous sending and receiving of messages.
Model of Mass Communication
- Wilbur Schramm (1954) developed this model.
- It involves an organization sending many identical messages to a mass audience, each receiver decoding, interpreting, and encoding the message.
- Feedback is delayed and inferential.
- Input is from news sources, art sources, etc.
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Description
Explore essential principles of communication and their significance in personal and professional contexts. Understand the two levels of meaning in communication and how they influence our identities and relationships. This quiz will enhance your understanding of the impact of communication in everyday interactions.
