Communication in the Real World: Chapter 9

Questions and Answers

What are demographics?

Broad sociocultural categories such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, sexual orientation, educational level, religion, ethnicity, and nationality used to segment a larger population.

What does psychological audience analysis involve?

It considers the audience's psychological dispositions toward the topic, speaker, and occasion.

What is credibility in communication?

It refers to the audience's perception of the speaker as competent, trustworthy, and engaging.

What is a captive audience?

An audience that has been forced to be in attendance. Signup and view all the answers

What is a voluntary audience?

An audience that includes people who have decided to come to hear your speech. Signup and view all the answers

What does situational audience analysis consider?

It considers the physical surroundings and settings of a speech. Signup and view all the answers

What is the general purpose of a speech?

The broad goal of a speech, whether to inform, persuade, or entertain. Signup and view all the answers

What does brainstorming involve?

Generating ideas through freewheeling and without criticism. Signup and view all the answers

What is a specific purpose in speech writing?

A one-sentence statement that includes the objective you want to accomplish in your speech. Signup and view all the answers

Define a thesis statement.

A one-sentence summary of the central idea of the message in a speech. Signup and view all the answers

What does a reference librarian do?

Helps you find sources of information. Signup and view all the answers

What are periodicals?

A magazine or newspaper published at regular intervals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the peer-review process?

The most rigorous form of review that takes several months/years to ensure information is approved by numerous experts. Signup and view all the answers

What is an abstract?

An author-supplied summary of the source. Signup and view all the answers

Define primary sources.

Written by people with firsthand experiences with an event or researchers/scholars who conducted original research. Signup and view all the answers

What are secondary sources?

Records that explain or interpret primary sources. Signup and view all the answers

What is proxemic information?

Meaning information that is geographically relevant to your audience. Signup and view all the answers

Define an example in communication.

A cited case that is representative of a larger whole. Signup and view all the answers

What are explanations in a speech?

Clarify ideas by providing information about what something is, why it is the way it is, or how it works or came to be. Signup and view all the answers

What are statistics?

Numerical representations of information. Signup and view all the answers

What are analogies?

Involve a comparison of ideas, items, or circumstances. Signup and view all the answers

What is testimony in communication?

Quoted information from people with direct knowledge about a subject or situation. Signup and view all the answers

What are visual aids?

Help a speaker reinforce speech content visually, amplifying the speaker's message. Signup and view all the answers

What is parallel wording?

Similar wording among key organizing signposts and main points that helps structure a speech. Signup and view all the answers

What is a topical pattern in speech organization?

Breaking a large idea or category into smaller ideas or subcategories. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primacy effect?

The idea of presenting your best information first to make a positive impression. Signup and view all the answers

What is the recency effect?

The idea that an audience will best remember the information they heard most recently. Signup and view all the answers

What is a chronological pattern?

An organizational pattern where the main points are arranged in a time-order sequence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a spatial pattern?

An order of presentation where the speech content is organized according to layout or proximity. Signup and view all the answers

What is a problem-solution pattern?

Presents a problem and offers a solution. Signup and view all the answers

What is a cause-effect pattern?

Sets up a relationship between ideas that shows a progression from origin to result. Signup and view all the answers

What is Monroe's Motivated Sequence?

A pattern that attempts to persuade an audience by making a topic relevant: attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action. Signup and view all the answers

What are signposts in speeches?

Statements that help audience members navigate the turns of your speech. Signup and view all the answers

What are nonverbal signposts?

Include pauses and changes in rate, pitch, or volume that help emphasize transitions within a speech. Signup and view all the answers

What is a rhetorical question?

Designed to elicit a mental response from the audience, not verbal or nonverbal. Signup and view all the answers

What is a formal outline?

A full sentence outline of your speech that includes internal references and a reference list. Signup and view all the answers

What are coordinate points in a speech outline?

Points that are on the same level of importance in relation to the thesis. Signup and view all the answers

What are subordinate points in a speech outline?

Provide evidence or support for the main idea or thesis. Signup and view all the answers

What is a speaking outline?

A keyword and phrase outline that helps you deliver your speech. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Communication Concepts and Definitions

Demographics: Broad sociocultural categories such as age, gender, race, socioeconomic status, and others used to segment larger populations.
Psychological Audience Analysis: Evaluates audience's psychological attitudes, beliefs, and values towards the topic, speaker, and occasion.
Credibility: Aim to be perceived as competent, trustworthy, and engaging by the audience.
Captive Audience: An audience that is compelled to attend a presentation.
Voluntary Audience: Individuals who choose to attend a presentation or speech willingly.
Situational Audience Analysis: Focuses on the physical environment and context in which the speech takes place.

Purpose and Structure of Speeches

General Purpose: The overarching goal of a speech, categorized into informing, persuading, or entertaining.
Brainstorming: Idea generation method that encourages free thinking without criticism.
Specific Purpose: A clear one-sentence statement outlining the objective of your speech.
Thesis Statement: A concise summary encapsulating the central message of the speech.

Research and Sources

Reference Librarian: A librarian trained to assist in locating specific sources of information.
Periodicals: Magazines or newspapers published on a regular basis.
Peer-Review Process: A rigorous review that involves multiple experts to validate the credibility of information over several months or years.
Abstract: A summary provided by the author of a source, highlighting core elements.

Types of Sources

Primary Sources: Original materials created by individuals with firsthand experience or original research.
Secondary Sources: Documents that analyze, interpret, or summarize primary sources.

Communication Techniques and Tools

Proxemic Information: Geographic or spatial context relevant to the audience during a presentation.
Examples: Representative cases cited to reflect a broader concept or idea.
Explanations: Provide clarity and context about concepts, processes, or events.
Statistics: Numerical data used to represent information and support arguments.
Analogies: Comparisons made between different ideas, items, or situations for clearer understanding.
Testimony: Quotations or insights from individuals with direct knowledge on a subject.

Presentation Aids

Visual Aids: Tools utilized to enhance the visual aspect of a speech, reinforcing the speaker's message.
Parallel Wording: Similarities in language used to structure a speech and guide the audience.

Organizational Patterns of Speeches

Topical Pattern: Dividing a large concept into subcategories for clearer understanding.
Primacy Effect: The strategy of presenting the most impactful information first to engage the audience.
Recency Effect: Emphasizes that information presented last is often most memorable; hence, important points should be reiterated at the end.
Chronological Pattern: Organizing main points in a sequence based on their time-order relationship.
Spatial Pattern: Structuring content based on physical location or proximity of ideas.
Problem-Solution Pattern: Introduces a problem followed by potential solutions.
Cause-Effect Pattern: Illustrates how one idea leads to another, highlighting relationships between concepts.

Persuasion Techniques

Monroe's Motivated Sequence: A persuasive framework emphasizing attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action to effectively convey messages.
Signposts: Key phrases or statements that guide audience members through the structure of the speech.
Nonverbal Signposts: Variations in vocal delivery (pauses, pitch, volume) used to emphasize transitions in the speech.
Rhetorical Question: A question posed to stimulate thought in the audience without expecting a verbal answer.

Outlining and Preparation

Formal Outline: A structured outline of the speech that includes complete sentences and references.
Coordinate Points: Information presented at the same level of significance as the primary thesis.
Subordinate Points: Details that provide support or evidence for the main ideas.
Speaking Outline: A simplified keyword and phrase outline tailored to assist the speaker during delivery.

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Test your knowledge with flashcards from Chapter 9 of 'Communication in the Real World'. This chapter focuses on key concepts such as demographics and psychological audience analysis crucial for effective communication. Enhance your understanding and retention of these important terms.