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Questions and Answers
Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of communication channels in low-context cultures?
Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of communication channels in low-context cultures?
The Japanese preference for humanity, reciprocity, and analytic logic is known as _____.
The Japanese preference for humanity, reciprocity, and analytic logic is known as _____.
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Japanese ningensei style?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the Japanese ningensei style?
Stereotyping occurs when a person assumes that every member of a society or subculture has the same characteristics or traits.
Stereotyping occurs when a person assumes that every member of a society or subculture has the same characteristics or traits.
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Language is a frequent cause of miscommunication, stemming from a person's inability to speak the local language, a poor or too-literal translation, a speaker's failure to explain idioms, or a person missing the meaning conveyed through body language or certain symbols.
Language is a frequent cause of miscommunication, stemming from a person's inability to speak the local language, a poor or too-literal translation, a speaker's failure to explain idioms, or a person missing the meaning conveyed through body language or certain symbols.
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The term kinesic behavior refers to communication through body movements—posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
The term kinesic behavior refers to communication through body movements—posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
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Kinesics and proxemics are elements of nonverbal communication.
Kinesics and proxemics are elements of nonverbal communication.
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Kinesics deals with the influence of space on communication—both personal space and office space or layout.
Kinesics deals with the influence of space on communication—both personal space and office space or layout.
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In high-contact cultures, people prefer much less sensory involvement, standing farther apart and touching far less.
In high-contact cultures, people prefer much less sensory involvement, standing farther apart and touching far less.
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In low-contact cultures, people prefer to stand close, touch a great deal, and experience a 'close' sensory involvement.
In low-contact cultures, people prefer to stand close, touch a great deal, and experience a 'close' sensory involvement.
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The term paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content—i.e., the rate of speech, the tone and inflection of voice, other noises, laughing, or yawning.
The term paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content—i.e., the rate of speech, the tone and inflection of voice, other noises, laughing, or yawning.
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The term object language, or material culture, refers to the value of the material artifacts given to the parties involved in order to show our goodwill.
The term object language, or material culture, refers to the value of the material artifacts given to the parties involved in order to show our goodwill.
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In monochronic cultures, time is experienced in a linear way, with a past, a present, and a future, and time is treated as something to be spent, saved, made up, or wasted.
In monochronic cultures, time is experienced in a linear way, with a past, a present, and a future, and time is treated as something to be spent, saved, made up, or wasted.
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In polychronic cultures, people focus on one thing at a time and adhere to time commitments.
In polychronic cultures, people focus on one thing at a time and adhere to time commitments.
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In high-context cultures, feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed; instead, one has to read between the lines and interpret meaning from one's general understanding.
In high-context cultures, feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed; instead, one has to read between the lines and interpret meaning from one's general understanding.
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In low-context cultures, key information is embedded in the context rather than made explicit.
In low-context cultures, key information is embedded in the context rather than made explicit.
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In high-context cultures, feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed.
In high-context cultures, feelings and thoughts are not explicitly expressed.
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The Japanese ningensei style of communication refers to the preference for humanity, reciprocity, a receiver orientation, and an underlying distrust of words and analytic logic.
The Japanese ningensei style of communication refers to the preference for humanity, reciprocity, a receiver orientation, and an underlying distrust of words and analytic logic.
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Cultural variables can affect the communication process by influencing a person's perceptions. These variables include attitudes, social organization, thought patterns, roles, language, nonverbal communication, and time.
Cultural variables can affect the communication process by influencing a person's perceptions. These variables include attitudes, social organization, thought patterns, roles, language, nonverbal communication, and time.
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Paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content of what is said. It includes dimensions such as the rate of speech, the tone and inflection of voice, and other noises.
Paralanguage refers to how something is said rather than the content of what is said. It includes dimensions such as the rate of speech, the tone and inflection of voice, and other noises.
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In monochronic cultures, time is treated as something to be spent, saved, made up, or wasted, and people focus on one thing at a time.
In monochronic cultures, time is treated as something to be spent, saved, made up, or wasted, and people focus on one thing at a time.
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Object language refers to how people communicate through material artifacts such as clothing, cars, or office design.
Object language refers to how people communicate through material artifacts such as clothing, cars, or office design.
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High-context cultures rely on implicit communication, while low-context cultures use explicit communication.
High-context cultures rely on implicit communication, while low-context cultures use explicit communication.
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Information spreads more freely in high-context cultures due to close personal relationships, while in low-context cultures, information flow is controlled and formal.
Information spreads more freely in high-context cultures due to close personal relationships, while in low-context cultures, information flow is controlled and formal.
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Japanese communication tends to be indirect, with a focus on relationships, while American communication is direct and task-oriented.
Japanese communication tends to be indirect, with a focus on relationships, while American communication is direct and task-oriented.
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Cultural variables such as attitudes, social organization, and time perception can create noise in the communication process between Americans and Arabs.
Cultural variables such as attitudes, social organization, and time perception can create noise in the communication process between Americans and Arabs.
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Language often causes miscommunication across cultures due to literal translations, idiomatic expressions, and cultural differences in body language.
Language often causes miscommunication across cultures due to literal translations, idiomatic expressions, and cultural differences in body language.
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Proxemics refers to the influence of proximity and space on communication, and it varies across cultures such as Asia, Germany, the U.S., and France.
Proxemics refers to the influence of proximity and space on communication, and it varies across cultures such as Asia, Germany, the U.S., and France.
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Americans are more open and direct in their communication, while the Japanese tend to be more reserved and indirect.
Americans are more open and direct in their communication, while the Japanese tend to be more reserved and indirect.
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Cultural differences affect how firms conduct e-commerce, requiring companies to adapt to regional preferences and communication styles.
Cultural differences affect how firms conduct e-commerce, requiring companies to adapt to regional preferences and communication styles.
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Saudi Arabia is a polychronic culture, where time is flexible, and relationships take precedence over strict agendas.
Saudi Arabia is a polychronic culture, where time is flexible, and relationships take precedence over strict agendas.
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In polychronic cultures like Saudi Arabia, people often discuss a wide range of topics during business meetings, not just business matters.
In polychronic cultures like Saudi Arabia, people often discuss a wide range of topics during business meetings, not just business matters.
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Saudi Arabia is a high-context culture, where business decisions may take longer, and the focus is on building relationships.
Saudi Arabia is a high-context culture, where business decisions may take longer, and the focus is on building relationships.
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In Saudi Arabia, business should be conducted personally, and face-to-face meetings are preferred over phone or email communication.
In Saudi Arabia, business should be conducted personally, and face-to-face meetings are preferred over phone or email communication.
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Messages need to be encoded carefully to ensure effective intercultural communication.
Messages need to be encoded carefully to ensure effective intercultural communication.
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When encoding a message during cross-cultural communication, it is most effective for senders to make gestures.
When encoding a message during cross-cultural communication, it is most effective for senders to make gestures.
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______ is the process of translating the received symbols into the interpreted message.
______ is the process of translating the received symbols into the interpreted message.
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What is the best method for avoiding miscommunication?
What is the best method for avoiding miscommunication?
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Interaction posture is best defined as _____.
Interaction posture is best defined as _____.
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Recognizing that one's knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs are valid only for oneself and not for everyone else is known as _____.
Recognizing that one's knowledge, perceptions, and beliefs are valid only for oneself and not for everyone else is known as _____.
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______ and ______ are personality traits categorized as openness.
______ and ______ are personality traits categorized as openness.
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Which of the following characteristics is shared by both openness in communication and resilience in communication?
Which of the following characteristics is shared by both openness in communication and resilience in communication?
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To counteract the view that Americans are culturally insensitive, they should avoid discussing wealth, power, or status, dress conservatively, and listen more than they speak.
To counteract the view that Americans are culturally insensitive, they should avoid discussing wealth, power, or status, dress conservatively, and listen more than they speak.
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Decoding is the process of translating received symbols into the interpreted message, and incongruence in decoding can occur when the message is misunderstood or feedback is misinterpreted.
Decoding is the process of translating received symbols into the interpreted message, and incongruence in decoding can occur when the message is misunderstood or feedback is misinterpreted.
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Personal abilities and behaviors that facilitate intercultural communication effectiveness (ICE) include respect, empathy, and tolerance for ambiguity.
Personal abilities and behaviors that facilitate intercultural communication effectiveness (ICE) include respect, empathy, and tolerance for ambiguity.
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Openness refers to traits such as tolerance for ambiguity and extrovertedness, while resilience involves persistence and resourcefulness in adapting to cultural differences.
Openness refers to traits such as tolerance for ambiguity and extrovertedness, while resilience involves persistence and resourcefulness in adapting to cultural differences.
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What describes the process of sharing meaning by transmitting messages through media such as words, behavior, or material artifacts?
What describes the process of sharing meaning by transmitting messages through media such as words, behavior, or material artifacts?
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Communication to managers is of vital importance because it _____
Communication to managers is of vital importance because it _____
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Which of the following does NOT constitute a normal interpersonal communication task for managers?
Which of the following does NOT constitute a normal interpersonal communication task for managers?
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Phil sent an email requesting Mel to join him in the conference room at 2 P.M. What is this an example of?
Phil sent an email requesting Mel to join him in the conference room at 2 P.M. What is this an example of?
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Anything that serves to undermine the communication of the intended meaning is known as _____
Anything that serves to undermine the communication of the intended meaning is known as _____
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Which of the following is the primary cause of noise in the communication process?
Which of the following is the primary cause of noise in the communication process?
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Which of the following terms refers to any cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaning?
Which of the following terms refers to any cultural variables that undermine the communication of intended meaning?
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Intercultural communication most likely occurs when _____
Intercultural communication most likely occurs when _____
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_____ is the process in which people look for the explanation of another person's behavior.
_____ is the process in which people look for the explanation of another person's behavior.
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According to Hall and Hall, when people experience a failure in communication, they tend to blame the confusion on the other person's _____
According to Hall and Hall, when people experience a failure in communication, they tend to blame the confusion on the other person's _____
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Trust improves cross-cultural communication by _____
Trust improves cross-cultural communication by _____
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Which of the following will help an international business manager cultivate trust in cross-cultural communications?
Which of the following will help an international business manager cultivate trust in cross-cultural communications?
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According to the GLOBE project, workers from countries that ranked low on performance orientation, e.g., Russia or Greece, _____
According to the GLOBE project, workers from countries that ranked low on performance orientation, e.g., Russia or Greece, _____
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According to the GLOBE project, a coworker or subordinate from Sweden, a country ranking low on assertiveness, would most likely prefer _____
According to the GLOBE project, a coworker or subordinate from Sweden, a country ranking low on assertiveness, would most likely prefer _____
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Brenda is the head of a sports firm in Sweden. In order to communicate effectively with her workers, Brenda should _____
Brenda is the head of a sports firm in Sweden. In order to communicate effectively with her workers, Brenda should _____
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Tom manages a U.S. pharmaceutical subsidiary located in Ireland. In order to communicate effectively with Irish employees and improve their productivity, Tom should _____
Tom manages a U.S. pharmaceutical subsidiary located in Ireland. In order to communicate effectively with Irish employees and improve their productivity, Tom should _____
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Which of the following terms is used to refer to the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or concepts?
Which of the following terms is used to refer to the positive or negative evaluations, feelings, and tendencies that individuals harbor toward objects or concepts?
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The Topangins are a minority group in the Canary Islands, distinct from the national culture. This community is an example of _____
The Topangins are a minority group in the Canary Islands, distinct from the national culture. This community is an example of _____
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In an interview, a British journalist asked a German athlete, 'Are you a typical German?' This is an example of _____
In an interview, a British journalist asked a German athlete, 'Are you a typical German?' This is an example of _____
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Which of the following is one of the reasons that language frequently causes miscommunication during international business situations?
Which of the following is one of the reasons that language frequently causes miscommunication during international business situations?
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Understanding foreign languages is especially important for international managers because of _____
Understanding foreign languages is especially important for international managers because of _____
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The term _____ refers to behavior that communicates without words.
The term _____ refers to behavior that communicates without words.
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_____ is one of the elements of nonverbal communication.
_____ is one of the elements of nonverbal communication.
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Posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact are examples of _____
Posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact are examples of _____
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Facial expressions have the same meaning across cultures.
Facial expressions have the same meaning across cultures.
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Subtle differences in eye behavior are known as _____
Subtle differences in eye behavior are known as _____
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The tendency of Americans to look people in the eye contrasts with the tendency of the British to keep looking away while conversing. Such differences are categorized as _____
The tendency of Americans to look people in the eye contrasts with the tendency of the British to keep looking away while conversing. Such differences are categorized as _____
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During a business meeting in the United States, a relaxed posture is acceptable, but in Europe or Asia such body language would most likely be interpreted as _____
During a business meeting in the United States, a relaxed posture is acceptable, but in Europe or Asia such body language would most likely be interpreted as _____
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Which of the following terms refers to the influence of closeness and space on communication?
Which of the following terms refers to the influence of closeness and space on communication?
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A _____ culture is characterized by people standing close together and touching a great deal.
A _____ culture is characterized by people standing close together and touching a great deal.
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Which of the following will a person working in a high-contact culture most likely experience?
Which of the following will a person working in a high-contact culture most likely experience?
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Which of the following is an example of proxemics?
Which of the following is an example of proxemics?
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Josh, a tourist from the United States, goes on a five-day trip to Japan. He is most likely to conclude that the Japanese have a _____
Josh, a tourist from the United States, goes on a five-day trip to Japan. He is most likely to conclude that the Japanese have a _____
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Which of the following would most likely occur in a low-contact culture?
Which of the following would most likely occur in a low-contact culture?
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_____ refers to how something is said rather than the content, such as the rate of speech, tone, and inflection of voice.
_____ refers to how something is said rather than the content, such as the rate of speech, tone, and inflection of voice.
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Which of the following is an element of paralanguage?
Which of the following is an element of paralanguage?
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Changing the meaning of words by changing the inflection of your voice is an example of _____
Changing the meaning of words by changing the inflection of your voice is an example of _____
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The considerable variation between Americans and Chinese in the use of silence during meetings is an aspect of _____
The considerable variation between Americans and Chinese in the use of silence during meetings is an aspect of _____
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The manner in which people communicate through material artifacts such as architecture, office design, and cars is known as _____
The manner in which people communicate through material artifacts such as architecture, office design, and cars is known as _____
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Which of the following is true about monochronic and polychronic cultures?
Which of the following is true about monochronic and polychronic cultures?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a person in a monochronic culture?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a person in a monochronic culture?
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Which of the following is a true statement about polychronic cultures?
Which of the following is a true statement about polychronic cultures?
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Classified and compartmentalized, time serves to order life in a _____
Classified and compartmentalized, time serves to order life in a _____
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Carlos has an appointment with Higuain in a half hour at his office. However, Carlos decides to take care of some personal errands on his way to the office and informs Higuain. Carlos does not make it on time for the appointment. Higuain most likely concludes that Carlos is from a _____
Carlos has an appointment with Higuain in a half hour at his office. However, Carlos decides to take care of some personal errands on his way to the office and informs Higuain. Carlos does not make it on time for the appointment. Higuain most likely concludes that Carlos is from a _____
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In _____ cultures, people tolerate many things occurring simultaneously and change plans frequently.
In _____ cultures, people tolerate many things occurring simultaneously and change plans frequently.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of a person from a polychronic culture?
Which of the following is a characteristic of a person from a polychronic culture?
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Which of the following is the most accurate statement concerning the role of context in cross-cultural communication?
Which of the following is the most accurate statement concerning the role of context in cross-cultural communication?
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In high-context cultures, _____
In high-context cultures, _____
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In _____ cultures, people expect others to understand unarticulated moods, subtle gestures, and environmental clues.
In _____ cultures, people expect others to understand unarticulated moods, subtle gestures, and environmental clues.
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Which of the following is true about high-context cultures?
Which of the following is true about high-context cultures?
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In _____ cultures, communication occurs within an extensive network of close personal and business relationships.
In _____ cultures, communication occurs within an extensive network of close personal and business relationships.
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Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of low-context cultures?
Which of the following is most likely a characteristic of low-context cultures?
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The executives from Carlo Foods, United States, are in Japan to negotiate. Jeong, the head of a local investment firm, starts showing signs of impatience. Jeong most likely belongs to a _____
The executives from Carlo Foods, United States, are in Japan to negotiate. Jeong, the head of a local investment firm, starts showing signs of impatience. Jeong most likely belongs to a _____
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The international business manager of Toro Automobiles, based in London, is currently in Indonesia recognizing the lack of apprehension shown by every person in standing close to him. This is because the persons or the groups involved in the meeting are a part of a _____
The international business manager of Toro Automobiles, based in London, is currently in Indonesia recognizing the lack of apprehension shown by every person in standing close to him. This is because the persons or the groups involved in the meeting are a part of a _____
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Al Razim, a construction engineer, succeeded in getting an investor but was surprised by the explicitness of the Germans. This is because Germans are a _____ culture.
Al Razim, a construction engineer, succeeded in getting an investor but was surprised by the explicitness of the Germans. This is because Germans are a _____ culture.
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Study Notes
Communication
- Communication is the process of sharing meaning by transmitting messages through various mediums such as words, behavior, or material artifacts.
Communication for Managers
- Communication with managers is essential for negotiating future plans.
Interpersonal Communication Tasks
- Coordinating activities, disseminating information, and motivating employees are all normal interpersonal communication tasks for managers.
Noise in Communication
- Anything that hinders the intended meaning of communication is known as noise.
- The primary cause of noise in communication is the difference between two individuals' life space.
- Cultural variables that undermine communication are referred to as cultural noise.
Intercultural Communication
- Intercultural communication occurs when messages are transmitted between individuals from different cultures.
- Trust improves communication across cultures by encouraging open exchange of ideas and information
Attribution
- Attribution is the process of explaining another person's behavior especially when it is different from what we would expect from our own culture.
Cultural Communication
- According to the GLOBE project, workers from countries with low performance orientation (e.g., Russia or Greece) tend to prefer more indirect communication and avoid direct confrontations. The GLOBE project also suggests that workers from countries with low assertiveness (e.g., Sweden) prefer two-way dialogues and collaborative approaches.
- Effective cross-cultural communication involves understanding and adapting to different cultural norms, attitudes, and communication styles.
- Positive support and encouragement are crucial for improving employee productivity in cultures with high collectivism and low power distance, like Ireland.
Attitudes
- Attitudes refer to evaluations, feelings, and tendencies towards certain objects or concepts, which significantly influence the communication process.
Subculture
- A subculture is a distinct set of beliefs, preferences, and practices within a larger culture, often overlooked by companies trying to adapt products to a general audience.
Stereotyping
- Stereotyping involves making assumptions about individuals based on their cultural background, neglecting the individual's uniqueness and specific experiences.
Importance of Language
- Language frequently causes miscommunication in international business due to literal translation, misunderstanding of idioms, and cultural differences in nonverbal communication.
Nonverbal Communication
- Nonverbal communication encompasses all forms of communication that do not rely on words, including kinesic behavior, proxemics, paralanguage, and object language.
- Kinesic behavior is communication through body movements, such as posture, gestures, facial expressions, and eye contact.
- Oculesics, a part of kinesics, refers to the subtle differences in eye behavior.
Proxemics
- Proxemics is the influence of closeness and space on communication, including personal space and office layout.
- High-contact cultures involve people standing close together and touching a great deal.
- Low-contact cultures maintain a respectful distance and less physical touch.
Paralanguage
- Paralanguage refers to the manner in which something is said, including the rate of speech, tone of voice, and other noises like laughing or yawning.
Object Language
- Object language, or material culture, is the communication through material artifacts like architecture, office design, and cars.
Monochronic vs. Polychronic Cultures
- Monochronic cultures perceive time in a linear fashion, prioritizing order and adherence to schedules.
- Polychronic cultures tolerate multiple events occurring simultaneously and often change plans frequently. They prioritize relationships over material systems.
High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures
- High-context cultures rely heavily on implicit communication and understanding of unspoken cues.
- Low-context cultures prioritize explicit communication and rely on verbal expressions of thoughts and feelings.
Japanese Cultural Communication Style
- The Japanese ningensei style emphasizes humanity, reciprocity, and analytical logic.
Common Misconceptions
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Stereotyping is inaccurate and harmful. Assuming every member of a society or subculture shares the same characteristics is false and can lead to biased decision-making.
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Kinesics is about body language, not the influence of space, which is addressed by proxemics.
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High-contact cultures involve more sensory involvement, not less, as opposed to low-contact cultures.
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Object language refers to communication through objects, not the value of gifts.### Monochronic vs. Polychronic Cultures
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Monochronic cultures: Time viewed linearly with past, present, and future; time is a resource to be spent, saved, or wasted. People focus on completing one task at a time.
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Polychronic cultures: Time viewed more flexibly; multiple tasks happen simultaneously. Time commitments are less rigid.
High-Context vs. Low-Context Cultures
- High-context cultures: Meaning conveyed through non-verbal cues and shared understanding; less explicitly stated; feelings and thoughts are not overtly expressed.
- Low-context cultures: Meaning communicated directly and explicitly; information is clearly stated.
Japanese Communication
- Ningensei communication style: Emphasizes human connection, reciprocity, recipient-focused, and mistrust of words and logic.
Cultural Variables in Communication
- Cultural variables influence perceptions and communication: attitudes, social organization, thought patterns, roles, language, non-verbal communication, and time.
Paralanguage and Object Language
- Paralanguage: How something is said (tone, speed, inflection, etc.) rather than the content.
- Object Language: How people communicate through material possessions (clothing, cars, office design).
Information Flow Across Cultures
- High-context cultures: Information shared freely due to close relationships.
- Low-context cultures: Information flow is controlled and formal.
Japanese vs. American Communication
- Japanese communication: Indirect, relationship-focused, focus on harmony.
- American communication: Direct, task-oriented, valuing clarity and efficiency.
Cultural Noise in Communication
- Cultural variables can create noise (interference) in communication, leading to misunderstandings.
Common Issues in Cross-Cultural Communication
- Language: Literal translations, idioms, cultural variation in body language can cause miscommunication.
Proxemics
- Proxemics: The influence of proximity and space on communication. Varies across cultures (e.g., Asia, Germany, US, France).
Cultural Differences in E-Commerce
- Firms need to adapt to regional preferences and communication styles to be effective in e-commerce.
Saudi Arabia as a Polychronic and High-Context Culture
- Saudi Arabia: A polychronic culture, time is flexible, relationships prioritized over strict agendas.
- Saudi Arabia: A high-context culture, business decisions take longer, focus on relationship building.
Intercultural Communication Effectiveness (ICE)
- Effective intercultural communication: involves respect, empathy, and tolerance for ambiguity.
Openness and Resilience in Communication
- Openness: Tolerance for ambiguity and extrovertedness facilitate effective communication.
- Resilience: Persistence and resourcefulness in adapting to cultural differences.
Encoding and Decoding in Intercultural Communication
- Encoding: Translating thoughts into messages.
- Decoding: Interpreting received messages.
Interaction Posture
- Interaction posture: Nonjudgmental approach, flexibility, and understanding of another's perspective.
Orientation to Knowledge
- Orientation to knowledge: Recognizing that personal knowledge is subjective and not universally valid.
Cultural Sensitivity for Americans
- Strategies to mitigate cultural insensitivity: Avoid discussing wealth/status, dress conservatively, listen more than talking.
Conclusion
- Understanding cultural differences is crucial for effective communication and building positive relationships across cultures.
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Description
This quiz covers essential concepts of communication, focusing on its relevance for managers. It delves into interpersonal tasks, the impact of noise, and intercultural communication. Test your understanding of how effective communication can enhance managerial effectiveness.
