Communication and Linguistics Overview

Communication

• The process of sending and receiving information within a channel through a medium.
• Verbal communication uses words and sentences.
• Nonverbal communication uses kinesis and vocalics.
• Kinesis is facial and bodily expression and movements.
• Vocalics is the use of intonation, pitch, and other vocal techniques.

Linguistic Components

• Lexicon refers to the vocabulary of a language.
• Pragmatics is how context contributes to meaning.
• Praxis is accepted practice or use.
• Arbitrary means a word has no predictable meaning apart from what has been decided by the group.
• Neologism is the coining of new words.
• Filipinism is linguistic usage specific or typical to the Philippines.
• Code-Switching is changing languages or dialects throughout a single conversation.

Communication Aspects

• Communicative Aspect of Language is communication as understood in everyday conversation.
• Sociocultural Aspect of Communication is understood using social and cultural context.

Elements of Communication

• Sender: source of information
• Receiver: destination of information
• Message: the information being conveyed
• Medium: language, object of interaction
• Feedback: response to the message
• Channel: environment
• Barrier: noise that interferes with communication

Communication Barriers

• Physical Barriers: physical noise or limitations
• Psychological Barriers: psychological disruptions in expressing thoughts or emotions.
• Cognitive Barriers: relating to intellectual aptitudes or disabilities.
• Emotional Barriers: relating to emotional disturbances or unavailability.
• Language Barriers: common language difficulties.
• Linguistic Barriers: relating to differences in language or terms spoken.
• Cultural Barriers: differences in customs, beliefs, and terms between cultures or generations.
• Sociocultural Barriers: brought by differences in religion, ethnicity, gender, etc.
• Generational Barriers: brought by difference in age, generation, era, etc.

7Cs of Effective Communication

• Clarity: well-constructed communication
• Conciseness: no unnecessary information
• Concreteness: backed up with proof
• Correctness: truthful and logical
• Coherent: unified and unambiguous
• Complete: no lacking information
• Courteous: polite and respectful

Models of Communication

• Aristotelian Model: sender - message - receiver, emphasis on rhetoric.
• Shannon and Weaver’s Model: linear flow of communication, no explicit regard for feedback.
• Schramm’s Model: emphasizes field of experience, knowledge and attitude are communication factors.

Multicultural | Intercultural Communication

• Culture: shared beliefs, customs, arts, and traditions marked by language and care.
• Acculturation: foreign culture >> native culture
• Enculturation: native culture >> foreign culture
• Cultural Appropriation: adopting culture often becoming trivial
• Cultural Schizophrenia: identifying with culture(s) other than one’s native culture
• Ethnocentrism: native culture = superior
• Cultural Relativism: native culture = not superior/not subjected by foreign culture

Functions of Communication

• Regulation | Control: behavioral response
• Social Interaction: socializing
• Motivation: encouragement and advice
• Information: facts, ideas, opinions
• Emotional Expression: emotions and feelings

Speech Context

• Intrapersonal: self + self
• Interpersonal: person + another
  • Dyad: person + person
  • Small Group: person + others
• Public: person + audience

Communicative | Speech Styles

• Intimate: deep connections
• Casual: everyday conversations
• Consultative: questions
• Formal: professional
• Frozen: structured