Communicable Diseases Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the incubation period for Cholera?

  • 6-15 days
  • From a few hours to 5 days (average of 3 days) (correct)
  • Usually 1 - 3 weeks, average: 2weeks
  • 1 day - 5 yrs. (humans)

What is the incubation period for Typhoid Fever?

  • Usually 1 - 3 weeks, average: 2weeks (correct)
  • 6-15 days
  • From a few hours to 5 days (average of 3 days)
  • 1 day - 5 yrs. (humans)

What is the incubation period for Leptospirosis?

  • 1 day - 5 yrs. (humans)
  • Usually 1 - 3 weeks, average: 2weeks
  • From a few hours to 5 days (average of 3 days)
  • 6-15 days (correct)

What is the incubation period for Rabies?

<p>1 day - 5 yrs. (humans) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Dengue?

<p>3- 14 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Poliomyelitis?

<p>7-14 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Meningitis?

<p>3-6 days (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Gonorrhea?

<p>2-3 days (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Schistosomiasis?

<p>About 2-6 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Syphilis?

<p>10-90 days, average of 3-6 weeks (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the incubation period for Filariasis?

<p>8-16 months (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern epidemiology and discovered how Cholera was spread in London?

<p>Dr. John Snow</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Cholera?

<p>Vibrio cholerae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Typhoid Fever?

<p>Salmonella enterica</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Leprosy?

<p>Mycobacterium leprae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Rabies?

<p>Rhabdovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Poliomyelitis?

<p>Poliovirus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Meningitis?

<p>Neisseria meningitides</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Dengue?

<p>Dengue Virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Leptospirosis?

<p>Leptospira interrogans</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Gonorrhea?

<p>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Schistosomiasis?

<p>Schistosoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Syphilis?

<p>Treponema pallidum</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the causative agent for Filariasis?

<p>Wuchereria bancrofti</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Hepatitis C.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Rabies.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Tetanus.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Gonorrhea.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Schistosomiasis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Malaria.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Poliomyelitis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Filariasis.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

There is currently a vaccine available for Meningitis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is Cholera?

An acute infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae bacteria, characterized by severe watery diarrhea, vomiting, and rapid dehydration.

What causes the 'rice-watery stool' in Cholera?

The hallmark sign of Cholera is a profuse, watery diarrhea that resembles rice water, caused by the toxins released by Vibrio cholerae bacteria.

How is Cholera spread?

Cholera is spread through the fecal-oral route, primarily by consuming contaminated water or food.

What are the three main deficits in Cholera?

Severe dehydration, hypokalemia (low potassium), and metabolic acidosis occur due to loss of electrolytes and fluids.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Hepatitis A?

Symptoms include fatigue, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools.

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How is Hepatitis A spread?

Hepatitis A is spread through the fecal-oral route, typically through contaminated food or water or via oral-anal sex.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Hepatitis B?

Symptoms include fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, jaundice, dark urine, and clay-colored stools.

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How is Hepatitis B spread?

Hepatitis B is spread through contact with infected blood or bodily fluids, primarily through percutaneous exposure, sexual contact, and mother-to-child transmission.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Hepatitis C?

Early symptoms may be mild or absent. Later stages can lead to chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver failure, and liver cancer.

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How is Hepatitis C spread?

Hepatitis C is primarily spread through contact with infected blood, primarily through percutaneous exposure or sexual intercourse.

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What is Typhoid Fever?

Typhoid fever is a severe bacterial infection caused by Salmonella Typhi bacteria, characterized by high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and weakness.

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How is Typhoid Fever spread?

Typhoid fever is spread through the fecal-oral route, typically through contaminated water, food, or close contact with infected individuals.

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What are the three cardinal signs of the Pyrexial stage of Typhoid Fever?

The Pyrexial stage is characterized by high fever, bradycardia (slow heart rate), and constipation.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Leprosy?

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae, characterized by skin lesions, nerve damage, and potential involvement of other organs.

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What are the two types of Leprosy?

Leprosy is classified as Multibacillary (MB) or Paucibacillary (PB), differentiated by the number of lesions and bacillary load.

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What is Pediculosis?

Pediculosis is an infestation of the skin by lice, causing intense itching and irritation.

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What is Schistosomiasis?

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Schistosoma worms, affecting the liver, gastrointestinal tract, and other organs, leading to potential complications like liver cirrhosis.

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What are the stages of the Schistosoma life cycle?

Schistosoma worms progress through several stages: adults, eggs, miracidia (infective stage in snails), and cercaria (infective stage in humans).

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What is Leptospirosis?

Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by Leptospira interrogans bacteria, affecting multiple organs and causing fever, headache, muscle pain, and potentially kidney failure.

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What are the main modes of transmission for Leptospirosis?

Transmission occurs through contact with infected urine or carcasses of animals, typically through exposure to contaminated water, soil, or animal bites.

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What is the Septic stage of Leptospirosis?

Characterised by fever, chills, headache, muscle pain, and general malaise.

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What is the Immune or Toxic stage of Leptospirosis?

Marked by organ involvement, including the eyes, brain, and kidneys, leading to complications like meningitis, encephalitis, and renal failure.

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What is the Convalescent stage of Leptospirosis?

Recovery phase of the disease, however, relapses can occur.

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What is Poliomyelitis?

Poliomyelitis, also known as polio, is a highly infectious viral disease that affects the central nervous system, particularly the spinal cord, causing paralysis and potentially death.

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What are the three types of poliovirus?

There are three types of poliovirus: Type 1 (Brunhilde), Type 2 (Lansing), and Type 3 (Leon).

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What are the main modes of transmission for Poliomyelitis?

Poliomyelitis is primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, via contaminated water, food, or close contact with infected individuals.

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What are the different stages and symptoms of Poliomyelitis?

The stages include the Inapparent/Subclinical (asymptomatic), Abortive (mild illness), Major Illness (non-paralytic), and Paralytic stages. Symptoms vary, but can include fever, sore throat, GI issues, muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory distress.

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What are the two types of polio vaccine?

The inactivated polio vaccine (IPV) is injected and contains killed virus, while the oral polio vaccine (OPV) is given orally and contains live, weakened virus.

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What is Rabies?

Rabies is a fatal viral disease that affects the central nervous system, typically transmitted through the bite of an infected animal.

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What are the different stages of Rabies in humans?

Rabies progresses through three stages: Prodromal/Invasion (symptoms like fever, headache, etc.), Excitement (agitation, hydrophobia, etc.), and Paralytic (muscle weakness, coma).

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What is Tetanus?

Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection caused by Clostridium tetani bacteria, leading to muscle spasms, particularly in the jaw (lockjaw), and potentially respiratory problems.

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How is Tetanus spread?

Tetanus bacteria enters through breaks in the skin, often through wounds contaminated with soil, dust, or rusty objects.

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What is Meningitis?

Meningitis is an inflammation of the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord, usually caused by bacterial or viral infections, and can cause serious complications like brain damage and death.

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How is Meningitis spread?

Meningitis is typically spread through respiratory droplets, direct contact, or through breaches in the skull, such as a fracture or wound.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Meningitis?

Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck (nuchal rigidity), petechial or purpuric rashes, vomiting, and altered mental status.

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What are the clinical manifestations of Dengue Fever?

Symptoms include fever, headache, muscle and joint pain, skin rash, nausea, vomiting, and in severe cases, hemorrhagic complications and shock.

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Study Notes

Exam Week 18

  • Dr. John Snow is considered a pioneer of modern epidemiology, investigating cholera transmission in London.
  • Cholera is sometimes referred to as the "blue death" due to the severe dehydration and bluish skin discoloration in victims.
  • The causative agent of Cholera is Vibrio cholera.
  • The incubation period for cholera typically ranges from a few hours to 5 days (average 3 days).
  • Vibrio cholera is contagious as long as it's present in the stool.

Communicable Diseases

  • Final topics include Cholera, Dysentery, Typhoid Fever, Hepatitis, Leprosy, Tetanus, Poliomyelitis, Meningitis, Red Tide poisoning, Schistosomiasis, Rabies, Pediculosis, Bubonic Plague, Anthrax, Helminthes, Candidiasis, Chlamydia, Herpes, Infectious Mononucleosis, Gonorrhea, Syphilis, AIDS, and cancers of the central nervous system, breast, gastrointestinal tract, and blood.
  • Specific diseases like Hepatitis A, B, and C were discussed, along with their modes of transmission (fecal-oral, percutaneous, sexual contact, mother to child).
  • Complications of chronic hepatitis include cirrhosis.

Hepatitis

  • Infectious hepatitis is identical to catarrhal-jaundice hepatitis.
  • Hepatitis B and C transmission is primarily through percutaneous and sexual contact, as well as from mother to child.
  • Hepatitis A transmission is predominantly via fecal-oral route.

Cholera

  • Clinical manifestations include watery stools (rice-watery stool), vomiting, and a rapid onset of severe dehydration.
  • Medical treatment focuses on fluid replacement and correction of dehydration, with antibiotics like tetracycline sometimes being used as a treatment option.
  • Proper nursing management involves observing and assessing the patient.

Dysentery

  • Various types (bacterial, bacillary, amoebic) exhibit abdominal pain and diarrhea, possibly with mucus and blood.
  • Treatment can include antibiotics (e.g., cotrimoxazole for bacterial dysentery, metronidazole for amoebic dysentery).

Typhoid Fever

  • The causative agent is Salmonella.
  • Transmission is typically through the fecal-oral route (ingestion of contaminated food or water).
  • Symptoms such as gradual onset, anorexia, abdominal pain, and bradycardia/constipation may be observed in patients.

Leprosy

  • A chronic disease of the skin, peripheral nerves and nasal mucosa.
  • Spread through close contact and droplets.
  • Multibacillary (MB) type involves numerous skin lesions, while Paucibacillary (PB) type displays fewer lesions.
  • Treatment usually involves multi-drug therapy (MDT).

Parasitic Infestations

  • Scabies is an infestation of the skin by Sarcoptes scabiei mites, causing intense itching and superficial burrows, especially between the fingers, surface of the wrist and in axilla.
  • Pediculosis is the presence of lice, and is treated with permethrin or pyrethrine compounds.

Additional Information

  • Filippo Pacini distinguished Vibrio cholera, and Waldemar Haffkine created the first cholera vaccine in 1892.
  • Other communicable diseases covered in the lecture notes include tetanus, poliomyelitis, and meningitis.

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Description

This quiz covers essential information on communicable diseases, including cholera, its causative agent Vibrio cholera, and the transmission methods of various other diseases. Understand key concepts such as symptoms, incubation periods, and methods of prevention for diseases ranging from hepatitis to rabies.

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