Communicable Diseases Overview

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Questions and Answers

What does the PiXL Club primarily focus on?

  • Cultural activities
  • Academic enrichment (correct)
  • Artistic expression
  • Sports development

Which of the following best describes the community surrounding the PiXL Club?

  • A formal educational network (correct)
  • A governmental body
  • A local sports team
  • An informal gathering of students

What type of resources might members of the PiXL Club have access to?

  • Community service projects
  • Educational workshops and materials (correct)
  • Art studios and music rooms
  • Physical training equipment

What is a potential benefit of joining the PiXL Club?

<p>Access to exclusive academic support (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which activities are most likely not associated with the PiXL Club?

<p>Outdoor adventure sports (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a correct definition of a pathogen?

<p>Micro-organisms which cause infectious diseases in animals and plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of micro-organism that can act as a pathogen?

<p>Algae (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one similarity between how bacteria and viruses act as pathogens?

<p>They both reproduce rapidly inside the body (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do pathogens require from their host organism to grow and reproduce?

<p>Suitable conditions and nutrition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about HIV is true?

<p>HIV can be successfully controlled with antiretroviral drugs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of controlling the spread of Malaria?

<p>Preventing breeding of mosquitoes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is predominantly transmitted via droplet infection?

<p>Measles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for Tobacco Mosaic Virus?

<p>Burning infected plants (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How can Salmonella infections be prevented?

<p>Frequent hand washing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which symptom is associated with Rose Black Spot?

<p>Purple black spots on leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common method of treating Gonorrhoea?

<p>Antibiotic treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key symptom of Measles?

<p>Red skin rash (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is effective for controlling Rose Black Spot?

<p>Burning infected leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of cilia in the respiratory system?

<p>To trap pathogens and move mucus upwards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do white blood cells play in fighting pathogens?

<p>They identify antigens and produce antibodies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do phagocytes eliminate pathogens?

<p>By engulfing and digesting them (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a person is infected by the same pathogen multiple times?

<p>Antibodies are made faster (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action of lymphocytes in the immune response?

<p>To create specific antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is stomach acid important in the defense against pathogens?

<p>It kills most ingested pathogens (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do antitoxins released by white blood cells do?

<p>They neutralize toxins produced by bacteria (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms does the human body employ to prevent pathogen entry?

<p>Through stomach acid and nasal hairs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of a vaccine?

<p>To enhance the immune system against pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do white blood cells respond upon re-infection with the same pathogen?

<p>They detect pathogens and produce antibodies faster. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antibiotic used for?

<p>To kill infective bacteria (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why can't antibiotics be used to treat viral infections?

<p>Viruses live and reproduce inside cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when bacteria mutate in relation to antibiotics?

<p>They gain resistance to antibiotics. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about penicillin is true?

<p>It is a well-known antibiotic effective against many bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics?

<p>It raises concerns for public health. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is released into the blood during a primary immune response to a vaccine?

<p>Antibodies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly distinguishes between antibiotics and painkillers?

<p>Antibiotics kill pathogens, while painkillers relieve symptoms. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason antibiotics are not effective against viral infections?

<p>Viruses have a different structure than bacteria. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens when a live pathogen infects someone who has been vaccinated?

<p>Vaccination helps the body quickly produce antibodies against the pathogen. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are dead or inactive pathogens used in vaccines?

<p>They do not cause disease but still stimulate immunity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method by which the human body defends against pathogens?

<p>The liver directly attacks and destroys pathogens. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of cilia in the respiratory system?

<p>To help move mucus and trapped pathogens out of the lungs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly describes painkillers?

<p>Painkillers relieve symptoms without attacking pathogens. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an antigen?

<p>A substance that triggers an immune response. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

PiXL Club

An organization that supports schools to improve educational outcomes.

KnowIT

A part of the PiXL Club that provides tools and resources for knowledge acquisition.

Educational outcomes

The measurable results of education, such as test scores or graduation rates.

Collaboration in education

Working together among teachers and schools to enhance student learning.

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Resources for educators

Materials and tools provided to teachers to aid in instruction and learning.

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Fungal spores

Cells released by fungi for reproduction and spread.

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Malaria

A disease caused by a protist, transmitted through mosquito bites.

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Tobacco Mosaic Virus

A viral infection causing mosaic patterns on tobacco leaves.

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Measles

A viral infection characterized by fever and a red skin rash.

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Gonorrhoea

A bacterial infection transmitted through direct sexual contact.

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Rose Black Spot

A fungal disease causing purple-black spots on rose leaves.

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Salmonella

A bacterial infection causing food-related symptoms like fever and diarrhea.

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Fungicide

A pesticide specifically used to kill fungi and prevent infections.

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Human defense systems

The body's methods to protect against pathogens.

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Pathogens

Microorganisms that can cause disease.

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Phagocytosis

Process where phagocytes engulf and digest pathogens.

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Antigens

Surface proteins on pathogens that are recognized by white blood cells.

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Lymphocytes

White blood cells that identify pathogens and create antibodies.

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Antibodies

Proteins created by lymphocytes to neutralize pathogens.

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Stomach acid

Acid in the stomach that kills most ingested pathogens.

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Vaccination

Injection of a weakened pathogen to teach the immune system to fight diseases.

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Types of pathogens

Bacteria, Virus, Protist, and Fungi are types of pathogens.

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Bacteria vs Virus (Similarity)

Both reproduce rapidly inside the body.

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Bacteria vs Virus (Difference)

Bacteria produce toxins; Viruses damage host cells.

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Nutritional needs of pathogens

Pathogens require suitable conditions and nutrition from hosts to grow.

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Antibiotics

Medications used to treat bacterial infections.

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Viral Infections

Infections caused by viruses, not treatable with antibiotics.

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Painkillers

Medicines that relieve symptoms but do not kill pathogens.

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Bacterial Resistance

The ability of bacteria to survive antibiotic treatment.

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Vaccine

A substance containing dead or inactive pathogens to enhance immunity.

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Penicillin

A well-known antibiotic that fights bacterial infections.

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Viral Pathogens

Infective agents that cause diseases and reproduce inside cells.

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Antibiotic Resistance

When bacteria mutate and become resistant to antibiotic treatment.

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Immune System Enhancement

The process of improving the body's ability to fight infections.

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Study Notes

Communicable Diseases

  • Communicable diseases, also known as infectious diseases, are spread from one organism to another
  • Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protists can act as pathogens.

Viral Diseases

  • Viruses reproduce rapidly inside host cells causing damage.
  • Measles is a viral disease characterized by a fever and red rash. It is spread via droplets from sneezes and coughs and is controlled by vaccination.
  • HIV is a viral disease that initially causes a flu-like illness. It is transmitted via sexual contact and exchange of body fluids (blood). HIV can progress to AIDS, a condition in which the immune system weakens, making the person vulnerable to other infections. Treatment with antiretroviral drugs can successfully manage HIV, but without these drugs, the virus attacks immune cells.

Bacterial Diseases

  • Bacteria reproduce rapidly and may release toxins that damage tissues and cause illness.
  • Salmonella food poisoning is caused by bacteria ingested from contaminated food or preparation surfaces.
  • Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted disease caused by bacteria marked by thick discharge and pain when urinating. Treatment with antibiotics, such as penicillin, is usually effective but resistant strains have emerged

Fungal and Protist Diseases

  • Rose black spot is a fungal disease characterized by purple or black spots on leaves.
  • Malaria is caused by a protist, transmitted by mosquitos.

Infection and Response Part 1 – Infectious diseases

  • Pathogens are the micro-organisms that cause infectious diseases.
  • Pathogens can infect plants or animals and spread by contact, water, or air.
  • Pathogens require suitable conditions and nutrition from the host to grow and reproduce

Infection and Response Part 1 – Viral Diseases

  • Viruses reproduce rapidly inside host cells, causing damage.

Infection and Response Part 1 – Bacterial Diseases

  • Bacteria can reproduce rapidly and release toxins that cause damage to tissues.

Infection and Response Part 1 – Fungal and Protist Diseases

  • Fungi and Protists cause diseases in plants and animals

Infection and Response Part 1 – Human Defence Systems

  • The human body has defences to protect against pathogens. Nasal hairs, mucus, and cilia in the respiratory system, and stomach acid are all non-specific defences.

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