40 Questions
At what age range does the peak number of hip fractures occur for both sexes?
75-79 years
What percentage of men over the age of 50 globally are affected by osteoporosis?
6.3%
How often do vertebral fractures caused by osteoporosis occur worldwide in men and women over 50?
Every 22 seconds
What is the projected increase in worldwide incidence of hip fracture in men by 2050 compared to rates in 1990?
310%
What role do healthy bones play in the body?
Storing and supplying calcium, protecting vital organs, and providing space for bone marrow
At what age does bone mass reach its peak?
40
What factor accelerates the process of bone mass decline?
A combination of genetics, hormonal status, physical activity, medication, and medical conditions
What percentage of women over the age of 50 globally are affected by osteoporosis?
>20%
What is the main function of bone marrow?
Producing red and white blood cells
What is the impact of osteoporosis on bone fractures for women over the age of 50 compared to men?
+15%
Which of the following is NOT a common form of primary osteoporosis?
Juvenile osteoporosis
What is the main cause of postmenopausal osteoporosis?
Deficiency of estrogen
What is the primary function of osteoclasts in the bone remodeling cycle?
Resorption of old or damaged bone tissue
What type of fracture is associated with osteoporosis?
Fragility fracture
How often is the adult skeleton replaced through the bone remodeling cycle?
Every 10 years
What is the main characteristic of secondary osteoporosis?
Caused by medical conditions, medications, and lifestyle changes
Which medical condition is NOT associated with secondary osteoporosis?
Hypertension
What factor almost doubles the risk of a future fracture in older people?
Previous fracture
What is the main impact of fragility fractures on older people?
Significantly impacted quality of life due to pain and disability
What approach can help prevent fragility fractures in older people?
Developing a falls prevention care plan for individuals at risk of falls and fractures
Which phase of the bone remodeling cycle involves resorption?
Resorption phase
What triggers the activation of the resorption process in the bone remodeling cycle?
RankL pathway activation by osteoblasts
In osteoporosis, fragility fractures are most likely to result from which of the following?
A fall from standing height or less
What is the main characteristic of primary osteoporosis?
Low bone density and microarchitectural deterioration
Which is the most common form of osteoporosis?
Postmenopausal osteoporosis
What is the main goal of bone health assessment in older people?
To identify individuals at risk of developing fractures
Which medical conditions can cause secondary osteoporosis?
Ankylosing spondylitis and rheumatoid arthritis
What promotes bone loss during the resorption phase of the bone remodeling cycle?
"Destruction of bone tissue"
"Fragility fractures" in older people are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, primarily due to:
"Pain and disability"
"Screening for osteoporosis" is an important measure for preventing fragility fractures because it helps in:
"Identifying individuals at risk of fractures"
What is the purpose of the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX)?
To assess the probability of incurring a hip or other major osteoporotic fracture over a 10 year period.
What does the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) require clinicians to enter to estimate fracture probability?
Height and weight, medication history, smoking history, family history, and bone mass density (optional)
Which laboratory investigation is associated with increased bone turnover and elevated levels in primary hyperparathyroidism?
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)
What is the main purpose of the DXA radiology investigation?
To diagnose osteoporosis based on T score and bone mineral density (BMD).
Why is it important to ask about the patient's diet, alcohol, and smoking history in the assessment of bone health?
To identify potential risk factors for osteoporosis
What should be examined during the physical examination to assess bone health?
Posture, rheumatoid arthritis, and muscle strength
Which risk factor is used by the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) to estimate the probability of fracture?
Previous fracture
What do clinicians need to examine for in terms of posture during a bone health examination?
Any curvature (scoliosis) of the spine
What should be entered into the fracture risk assessment tool (FRAX) as part of clinical risk factors?
Age, sex, weight, previous fracture, parent fractured hip, current smoking, glucocorticoids, rheumatoid arthritis
What should laboratory investigations include as part of the bone profile examination?
Calcium, phosphate, magnesium, albumin and alkaline phosphatase
Test your knowledge on common rheumatologic and autoimmune diseases such as ankylosing spondylitis, rheumatoid arthritis, and systemic lupus, as well as other related conditions and medications. This quiz covers diseases like AIDS/HIV, chronic obstructive lung disease, congestive heart failure, and depression, along with medications like anticoagulants, anticonvulsants, and glucocorticoids.
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