87 Questions
What is the term 'common integument' referring to?
The skin with its covering of hair, skin glands, and specialized parts like claws, hoofs, and horns
What is the main role of the skin in animals?
Protecting against injury and aiding in temperature regulation
Which layer of the skin contains blood vessels and nerves?
Dermis
What is the importance of footpads in animals?
Enabling better movement on various surfaces
How do nails, claws, and hoofs differ among species?
In their structure and function related to species' lifestyles
What is the significance of horns in animals?
Playing a role in defense mechanisms and digging for food
What is the function of the nails, claws, and hoofs mentioned in the text?
To protect the underlying tissues
Which part of the equine hoof is described as having a strongly curved wall?
Heel
In equine anatomy, what fills the ground surface between the wall and frog?
Sole horn
What is the function of the digital pads in horses?
To reduce concussion on foot impact
What is the main purpose of the thick epidermal covering mentioned in the text?
To protect underlying tissues
Which animals have only digital pads called bulbs located in their hooves according to the text?
Ruminants and pigs
What is the function of the arrector pili muscle?
To contract and cause hairs to stand on end
Which structure is responsible for the production of sebum?
Sebaceous gland
What is the role of primitive hair follicles?
Acting as a precursor for the growth of hair
Which component of the hair follicle has a restricted life and is eventually discarded?
Hair matrix
In what way do many adult glands open, according to the text?
Independently, not into hair follicles
Which structure helps in causing goosebumps?
Arrector pili muscle
What is the clinical importance of the cornual process of the frontal bone when dehorning an adult animal?
The frontal sinus extends into the horn, which must be considered during dehorning
According to the image, which structure is numbered as 4?
Bulb
Which one of the following statements is correct regarding wavy wool hairs?
Provide an 'undercoat'
The frontal sinus in cattle extends into the $__$.
Horn
Which of the following is a characteristic of the guard hair?
Are longer and more numerous than the wavy wool hairs
What is the function of the periople in the equine hoof?
It provides a protective glossy layer over the wall and heels
How does the claw structure in carnivores differ from a nail?
It is laterally compressed compared to a nail
What is a characteristic feature of horns in domestic ruminants?
They have a bony base provided by the cornual processes of the frontal bones
Which statement about claws in carnivores is true?
The dermal and epidermal laminae are strongly bonded to the dorsal border of the bone
What is a characteristic feature of horns in domestic ruminants?
They grow continuously after their initial appearance
What structure is labeled as '1' in the image?
Caudal frontal sinus
What is the term used to describe the loose connective tissue beneath the skin?
Subcutis
Which type of hair provides a 'topcoat' in animals?
Guard hair with thick medulla
What substance, responsible for coloration, is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes?
Pigment
What is the primary function of the fine, wavy wool hairs in animals?
Insulation
Which type of hair is associated with touch receptors and has a restricted distribution in the body?
Tactile hairs associated with touch receptors
Where is melanin produced in animals, contributing to their coloration?
Melanocytes
What is the function of the digital pads in horses?
To reduce concussion on foot impact
What is the primary function of nails, claws, and hoofs across different species?
Protection of underlying tissues
In equine anatomy, what fills the space between the bars and the frog in the hoof?
Frog horn
What is a characteristic feature of the equine hoof wall?
Sharp curve
How do the structures enclosing the distal phalanx differ despite having similar functions?
In appearance and texture
What structure corresponds with the digital bulb of primates and the digital pad of carnivores in equine anatomy?
Sole horn
What is the primary function of guard hairs in animals?
To promote the runoff of rain and prevent chilling
What is the initial step in the development of hair follicles?
Growth of an ectodermal bud into the mesenchyme
What is the primary cause of albinism in animals?
Absence of melanin pigmentation
What is a potential consequence of a disturbed coat pattern in animals?
Impaired ability to withstand severe weather conditions
What is the primary function of the arrector pili muscle in animals?
Causing the hair to stand erect, resulting in goosebumps
What is the primary purpose of the thick epidermal covering (nails, claws, hoofs) in animals?
Protecting the underlying tissues from injury
What is the primary function of tactile hairs?
To detect mechanical stimulation via nerve endings
Where are tactile hairs typically located on animals?
Concentrated on the face, upper lip, and around the eyes
What is the significance of the venous sinus found within the dermal sheath of tactile hairs?
It amplifies the mechanical stimulation detected by the nerve endings
How do tactile hair follicles differ from those of regular coat hairs in their development?
Tactile hair follicles develop earlier than coat hair follicles
What is the meaning of the term 'torus' in the context of the common integument?
A pad or bulging projection
What is the primary function of the periople in the equine hoof?
To protect the hoof wall and bulbs of the heels
In carnivores, how does the structure of claws differ from nails?
Claws have a sharp dorsal border and minimal epidermal production
Which structure in domestic ruminants has an osseous base provided by the cornual processes of the frontal bones?
Horns
What is the significance of the caudal frontal sinus extending into the horn in ruminants?
It provides structural support for the horn
What is the primary role of the frog in the equine hoof?
To act as a shock absorber and provide traction
Which of the following statements about horns in domestic ruminants is correct?
They grow continuously after their first appearance soon after birth
What is the primary function of guard hairs in animals?
To provide insulation
Which structure is responsible for the development of the bulb (hair matrix) of hair?
Dermal papilla
What is a characteristic feature of the guard hairs seen in cattle?
Long tail hairs
Where do many glands open in the adult body, as mentioned in the text?
Independently, not into hair follicles
What is the main function of arrector pili muscles in animals?
To control hair erection
Why do hairs have restricted lives and are eventually discarded?
Due to hormonal influence
What is the term used to describe the loose connective tissue beneath the skin?
Subcutis
Which type of hair is associated with touch receptors and has a restricted distribution in the body?
Tactile hairs
What substance, responsible for coloration, is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes?
Melanin
Which type of hair provides a 'topcoat' in animals?
Guard hairs
What is the primary function of the fine, wavy wool hairs in animals?
Provide insulation
What is the main role of the skin in animals?
Provide protection from the environment
Which of the following best describes the shedding process in domesticated animals?
A seasonal process with peaks in shedding in the spring and fall
What is the primary difference between the 'primary' and 'secondary' hairs described in the text?
The primary hairs are longer and of the guard type, while the secondary hairs are shorter and softer
According to the information provided, what is the main function of the 'wool hairs' described in the text?
To provide insulation and warmth
What is the significance of the 'guard hairs' mentioned in the text?
They are the longest and coarsest hairs, providing protection and shielding the softer undercoat
How do the hair follicles in mature dogs and cats differ from the simple follicles found shortly after birth?
The adult follicles are more complex, with a primary hair surrounded by several secondary hairs
What is the primary function of the 'spring shedding' process described in the text?
To remove the thick winter coat and allow for a lighter summer coat
What is the primary function of the periople in the equine hoof?
To provide a protective glossy layer over the hoof wall
How does the claw structure in carnivores differ from a nail?
Claws have a sharp dorsal border and the epidermis is minimally productive
What is a characteristic feature of horns in domestic ruminants?
Horns have an osseous base provided by the cornual processes of the frontal bones
What is the significance of the caudal frontal sinus extending into the horn in ruminants?
It provides an air-filled cavity to reduce the weight of the horn
What is the primary role of the frog in the equine hoof?
To provide shock absorption and traction
What is the primary function of guard hairs in animals?
To promote the runoff of rain and prevent chilling
What is the initial step in the development of hair follicles?
An ectodermal bud grows into the mesenchyme
What is a potential consequence of a disturbed coat pattern in animals?
Impaired ability to withstand severe weather
What is the primary cause of albinism in animals?
Congenital absence of any pigmentation or coloration
What is the role of primitive hair follicles?
To form the initial structure for hair growth
Which one of the following statements is correct regarding wavy wool hairs?
They contribute to insulation and warmth
Study Notes
Common Integument
- Definition: ordinary skin with its covering of hair and variety of skin glands, as well as more specialized parts such as claws, hoofs, and horns
- Role: covers the body and protects it against injury, temperature control, and enables the animal to respond to various external stimuli
- Layers: epidermis (out), dermis (in), and subcutaneous cushion (or Pulvinus)
Hair
- Thick haircoat is spread over the body (most species) except about the mouth and other openings and on the surfaces of the feet
- Three types of hair:
- Straight, rather stiff guard hairs provide a “topcoat”
- Fine, wavy wool hairs provide an “undercoat”
- Stout tactile hairs of restricted distribution are associated with touch receptors
- Hair follicles develop from an ectodermal bud, with the distal end forming a bulbous enlargement
Footpads
- Digital cushions on which animals walk
- Ruminants and pigs: digital pads called bulb located in the hoof
- Horse: digital pads called frog located in the hoof
- Functional and in contact with the ground
Nails, Claws, and Hoofs
- Similar structures enclosing the distal phalanx appear strikingly different
- Local modifications of skin
- Serve primarily to protect the underlying tissues
- Used for: scratching, digging, weapon, and grabbing food
Equine Hoof
- Reduces concussion on foot impact
- Presents three parts: wall, sole, and associated pad (horny structure)
- Wall: strongly curved, with sides sharply inflected to form the so-called bars
- Sole: fills the ground surface between wall and frog, meeting the wall at a junction known as the white line
- Frog: part of the footpad that makes contact with the ground
Horns
- Horns of domestic ruminants: have osseous bases provided by the cornual processes of the frontal bones
- Permanent and grow continuously after their first appearance soon after birth
- Caudal frontal sinus extending into horn
Test your knowledge on the common integument, skin appendages, hair types, footpads, nails, claws, hoofs, and horns in various species. Learn about the structure and functions of the skin and its appendages in different animals.
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