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Questions and Answers
Histoplasma capsulatum is associated with weight loss and dyspnea.
Histoplasma capsulatum is associated with weight loss and dyspnea.
True (A)
A CD4+ cell count under 100/mm3 indicates a healthy immune system.
A CD4+ cell count under 100/mm3 indicates a healthy immune system.
False (B)
HIV can lead to conditions such as dementia and cerebral atrophy.
HIV can lead to conditions such as dementia and cerebral atrophy.
True (A)
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia typically shows 'ground-glass' opacities on imaging.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia typically shows 'ground-glass' opacities on imaging.
JC virus reactivation is linked to the presence of enhancing areas of demyelination on MRI.
JC virus reactivation is linked to the presence of enhancing areas of demyelination on MRI.
HHV-8 is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and disseminated disease.
HHV-8 is associated with Kaposi sarcoma and disseminated disease.
Bartonella spp is linked to bacillary angiomatosis.
Bartonella spp is linked to bacillary angiomatosis.
Common symptoms of Histoplasma capsulatum include nausea and diarrhea.
Common symptoms of Histoplasma capsulatum include nausea and diarrhea.
Oral thrush is commonly associated with the pathogen Candida albicans in HIV-positive adults with a CD4+ cell count below 500/mm3.
Oral thrush is commonly associated with the pathogen Candida albicans in HIV-positive adults with a CD4+ cell count below 500/mm3.
Unscrapable white plaque on the lateral tongue is indicative of EBV-related oral hairy leukoplakia.
Unscrapable white plaque on the lateral tongue is indicative of EBV-related oral hairy leukoplakia.
Kaposi sarcoma is primarily caused by HPV in HIV-positive individuals.
Kaposi sarcoma is primarily caused by HPV in HIV-positive individuals.
Squamous cell carcinoma can occur at sites of sexual contact in HIV-positive individuals infected with HPV.
Squamous cell carcinoma can occur at sites of sexual contact in HIV-positive individuals infected with HPV.
Candida albicans causes esophagitis characterized by white plaques on endoscopy.
Candida albicans causes esophagitis characterized by white plaques on endoscopy.
The presence of scrapable white plaques indicates EBV infection.
The presence of scrapable white plaques indicates EBV infection.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with an increased risk of reactivation of latent TB infection in HIV-positive adults.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is associated with an increased risk of reactivation of latent TB infection in HIV-positive adults.
CMV infection is associated with cells that have intranuclear inclusion bodies resembling "owl eyes".
CMV infection is associated with cells that have intranuclear inclusion bodies resembling "owl eyes".
Perivascular spindle cells on histology indicate HPV infection.
Perivascular spindle cells on histology indicate HPV infection.
Cryptococcus neoformans can be identified through the presence of encapsulated yeast visible on India ink stain.
Cryptococcus neoformans can be identified through the presence of encapsulated yeast visible on India ink stain.
Cryptosporidium spp. are known to cause bloody diarrhea.
Cryptosporidium spp. are known to cause bloody diarrhea.
A CD4+ cell count below 500/mm3 is significant for the development of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive adults.
A CD4+ cell count below 500/mm3 is significant for the development of opportunistic infections in HIV-positive adults.
EBV is associated with B-cell lymphoma and may present as ring-enhancing lesions.
EBV is associated with B-cell lymphoma and may present as ring-enhancing lesions.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily presents as encapsulated yeast on biopsy.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis primarily presents as encapsulated yeast on biopsy.
CMV retinitis is characterized by linear ulcers on endoscopy.
CMV retinitis is characterized by linear ulcers on endoscopy.
A biopsy revealing cells with neutrophilic inflammation is characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans infection.
A biopsy revealing cells with neutrophilic inflammation is characteristic of Cryptococcus neoformans infection.
Oral hairy leukoplakia is associated with EBV and presents as a scrapable white plaque.
Oral hairy leukoplakia is associated with EBV and presents as a scrapable white plaque.
Kaposi sarcoma is linked to HHV-8 and histology shows spindle cells forming vascular tumors.
Kaposi sarcoma is linked to HHV-8 and histology shows spindle cells forming vascular tumors.
Squamous cell carcinoma in HIV-positive individuals is most commonly found in the mouth and throat.
Squamous cell carcinoma in HIV-positive individuals is most commonly found in the mouth and throat.
Candida albicans commonly presents as systemic infections in HIV-positive individuals.
Candida albicans commonly presents as systemic infections in HIV-positive individuals.
An increased CD4+ cell count decreases the risk of opportunistic infections.
An increased CD4+ cell count decreases the risk of opportunistic infections.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV-positive adults typically causes a reactivation of latent TB.
Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in HIV-positive adults typically causes a reactivation of latent TB.
HPV infection in HIV-positive adults can lead to localized cutaneous disease.
HPV infection in HIV-positive adults can lead to localized cutaneous disease.
The presence of pseudohyphae on microscopy indicates infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
The presence of pseudohyphae on microscopy indicates infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
Histoplasma capsulatum is characterized by the presence of spherical yeast cells within macrophages.
Histoplasma capsulatum is characterized by the presence of spherical yeast cells within macrophages.
A CD4+ cell count equal to or below 100/mm3 is associated with a significantly compromised immune system.
A CD4+ cell count equal to or below 100/mm3 is associated with a significantly compromised immune system.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia typically presents with 'hazy glass' opacities on imaging.
Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia typically presents with 'hazy glass' opacities on imaging.
Cerebral atrophy can be observed on neuroimaging in patients with HIV-related dementia.
Cerebral atrophy can be observed on neuroimaging in patients with HIV-related dementia.
Kaposi sarcoma is associated with the HHV-3 virus.
Kaposi sarcoma is associated with the HHV-3 virus.
JC virus reactivation can lead to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
JC virus reactivation can lead to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy.
Bartonella spp. is known to cause bacillary angiomatosis, which typically presents as multiple blue to purple lesions.
Bartonella spp. is known to cause bacillary angiomatosis, which typically presents as multiple blue to purple lesions.
Cryptosporidium spp. primarily causes chronic, watery diarrhea.
Cryptosporidium spp. primarily causes chronic, watery diarrhea.
Acute weight loss can be symptomatically linked to infections such as those caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
Acute weight loss can be symptomatically linked to infections such as those caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.
Candida albicans is associated with the presence of encapsulated yeast on India ink stain.
Candida albicans is associated with the presence of encapsulated yeast on India ink stain.
CMV infections can result in retinitis and are identified by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies.
CMV infections can result in retinitis and are identified by the presence of intranuclear inclusion bodies.
HIV-related EBV infections can lead to non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the central nervous system.
HIV-related EBV infections can lead to non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the central nervous system.
The presence of acid-fast oocysts in stool is indicative of a Cryptococcus neoformans infection.
The presence of acid-fast oocysts in stool is indicative of a Cryptococcus neoformans infection.
Linear ulcers on endoscopy are associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.
Linear ulcers on endoscopy are associated with Mycobacterium tuberculosis infections.
A biopsy revealing neutrophilic inflammation indicates a likely infection with CMV.
A biopsy revealing neutrophilic inflammation indicates a likely infection with CMV.
White plaques on endoscopy are a common manifestation of Candida albicans infection.
White plaques on endoscopy are a common manifestation of Candida albicans infection.
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Study Notes
Common Diseases of HIV-positive Adults
CD4+ Cell Count < 500/mm3
-
Candida albicans:
- Oral thrush presentation with scrapable white plaque and pseudohyphae observed on microscopy.
-
EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus):
- Causes oral hairy leukoplakia characterized by unscratchable white plaque on the lateral tongue.
-
HHV-8 (Human Herpesvirus 8):
- Associated with Kaposi sarcoma, showing localized cutaneous disease with perivascular spindle cells invading and forming vascular tumors on histological analysis.
-
HPV (Human Papillomavirus):
- Linked to squamous cell carcinoma at sites of sexual contact, particularly the anus, cervix, and oropharynx.
-
Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
- Increased risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection.
CD4+ Cell Count < 200/mm3
-
Histoplasma capsulatum:
- Symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with oval yeast cells identified within macrophages.
-
HIV:
- Can cause dementia and HIV-associated nephropathy, with neuroimaging showing cerebral atrophy.
-
JC virus (reactivation):
- Leads to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, characterized by no enhancing areas of demyelination on MRI.
-
HHV-8:
- Associated with disseminated Kaposi sarcoma involving pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and lymphatic systems.
-
Pneumocystis jirovecii:
- Causes pneumonia, identifiable by "ground-glass" opacities on chest imaging.
CD4+ Cell Count < 100/mm3
-
Bartonella spp:
- Causes bacillary angiomatosis with multiple red to purple papules or nodules; biopsy typically shows neutrophilic inflammation.
-
Candida albicans:
- Esophagitis presents with white plaques visible on endoscopy; biopsy reveals yeast and pseudohyphae.
-
CMV (Cytomegalovirus):
- Manifestations include colitis, retinitis, esophagitis, encephalitis, and pneumonitis, with characteristic linear ulcers on endoscopy and cotton-wool spots on fundoscopy; biopsy shows cells with intranuclear (owl-eye) inclusion bodies.
-
Cryptococcus neoformans:
- Causes meningitis, diagnosed by encapsulated yeast seen on India ink stain or positive capsular antigen test.
-
Cryptosporidium spp:
- Leads to chronic, watery diarrhea, detectable via acid-fast oocysts in stool.
-
EBV:
- Can cause B-cell lymphoma (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CNS lymphoma), primarily identified by ring-enhancing lesions that may be solitary, differentiable from Toxoplasma infections.
Common Diseases of HIV-positive Adults
CD4+ Cell Count < 500/mm3
-
Candida albicans:
- Oral thrush presentation with scrapable white plaque and pseudohyphae observed on microscopy.
-
EBV (Epstein-Barr Virus):
- Causes oral hairy leukoplakia characterized by unscratchable white plaque on the lateral tongue.
-
HHV-8 (Human Herpesvirus 8):
- Associated with Kaposi sarcoma, showing localized cutaneous disease with perivascular spindle cells invading and forming vascular tumors on histological analysis.
-
HPV (Human Papillomavirus):
- Linked to squamous cell carcinoma at sites of sexual contact, particularly the anus, cervix, and oropharynx.
-
Mycobacterium tuberculosis:
- Increased risk of reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection.
CD4+ Cell Count < 200/mm3
-
Histoplasma capsulatum:
- Symptoms include fever, weight loss, fatigue, cough, dyspnea, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, with oval yeast cells identified within macrophages.
-
HIV:
- Can cause dementia and HIV-associated nephropathy, with neuroimaging showing cerebral atrophy.
-
JC virus (reactivation):
- Leads to progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, characterized by no enhancing areas of demyelination on MRI.
-
HHV-8:
- Associated with disseminated Kaposi sarcoma involving pulmonary, gastrointestinal, and lymphatic systems.
-
Pneumocystis jirovecii:
- Causes pneumonia, identifiable by "ground-glass" opacities on chest imaging.
CD4+ Cell Count < 100/mm3
-
Bartonella spp:
- Causes bacillary angiomatosis with multiple red to purple papules or nodules; biopsy typically shows neutrophilic inflammation.
-
Candida albicans:
- Esophagitis presents with white plaques visible on endoscopy; biopsy reveals yeast and pseudohyphae.
-
CMV (Cytomegalovirus):
- Manifestations include colitis, retinitis, esophagitis, encephalitis, and pneumonitis, with characteristic linear ulcers on endoscopy and cotton-wool spots on fundoscopy; biopsy shows cells with intranuclear (owl-eye) inclusion bodies.
-
Cryptococcus neoformans:
- Causes meningitis, diagnosed by encapsulated yeast seen on India ink stain or positive capsular antigen test.
-
Cryptosporidium spp:
- Leads to chronic, watery diarrhea, detectable via acid-fast oocysts in stool.
-
EBV:
- Can cause B-cell lymphoma (e.g., non-Hodgkin lymphoma, CNS lymphoma), primarily identified by ring-enhancing lesions that may be solitary, differentiable from Toxoplasma infections.
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