Inflammation, Embolism

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What is the most common cause of pulmonary embolism?

Amniotic fluid
Gas bubbles
Tumor cells
Pieces of thrombus (correct)

What is the most common origin of systemic arterial emboli?

Arterial circulation
Unknown origin
Intracardiac mural thrombi (correct)
Traumatic rupture

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of tissue infarction?

Toxins or trauma (correct)
Hemorrhage into atheromatous plaque
Vasospasm
Thrombotic and embolic events

What is the shape of an infarct in the kidney?

Triangular (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of infarct is associated with infection?

Septic infarct (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common cause of shock?

Anaphylactic shock (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary symptom of shock?

Systemic hypotension (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

Acute is a rapid response, chronic is a prolonged response (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the inflammatory response?

To protect against infection (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common source of emboli?

Bone marrow (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN difference between acute and chronic inflammation?

Acute inflammation has a short duration, while chronic inflammation has a prolonged duration of months or years (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN function of macrophages in chronic inflammation?

Macrophages present antigen to activate T cells (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN purpose of granuloma formation in chronic inflammation?

To contain and eradicate the injurious agent (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST characteristic feature of chronic inflammation?

Proliferation of fibroblasts and fibrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN reason for the development of granulomas in chronic inflammation?

To contain and eliminate microorganisms that are difficult to phagocytose (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST important cell type involved in the pathogenesis of chronic inflammation?

Macrophages (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN reason for the development of systemic effects like fever and weight loss in chronic inflammation?

Activation of the hypothalamic temperature control center (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN reason why fibrosis is an irreversible outcome of chronic inflammation?

Fibrosis is a result of the destruction of healthy tissue (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST common cause of chronic inflammation?

All of the above are common causes of chronic inflammation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the MAIN difference between caseating and non-caseating granulomas in chronic inflammation?

Caseating granulomas contain a cheese-like necrotic material, while non-caseating granulomas do not (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the four cardinal signs of inflammation?

Rigiditas (rigidity) (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the inflammatory response?

To protect the body from further injury in response to harmful stimuli (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mediators is NOT involved in causing vasodilation during the inflammatory response?

Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism by which increased vascular permeability occurs during inflammation?

Increased production of tight junction proteins (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the process by which leukocytes migrate from the blood vessel lumen to the interstitial tissue called?

Extravasation (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a receptor involved in leukocyte recognition of pathogens or inflammatory signals?

Interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptors (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which phagocytes engulf and destroy pathogens or foreign particles?

Phagocytosis (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a morphological pattern of acute inflammation?

Granulomatous (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term used to describe the process by which leukocytes are attracted to the site of injury by chemotactic agents?

Chemotaxis (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a possible outcome of acute inflammation?

Angiogenesis (formation of new blood vessels) (B) Signup and view all the answers