Combinatorics and Probability Concepts

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Questions and Answers

What is the probability that all extracted pencils are of different colors from a box containing 5 red, 6 green, and 4 blue pencils?

  • 3/91
  • 4/19
  • 15/91
  • 24/91 (correct)

What is the probability that refrigerators of one mark remain unsold if 12 out of 15 refrigerators have been sold, assuming all marks have an equal probability of being sold?

  • 0.016
  • 0.53 (correct)
  • 0.8
  • 0.984

If there are 20 balls in an urn, 3 red, 2 blue, and 15 white, what is the probability of selecting a red or blue ball?

  • 1/20
  • 3/4 (correct)
  • 1/15
  • 1/4

What is the sum of the probabilities of events A1, A2,…, An that form a complete group?

<p>1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given that the probability of a rainy day is p = 0.75, what is the probability that the day will be clear?

<p>0.25 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of hitting the target in either the second area or the third area if the hit probability in the first area is 0.5 and in the second area is 0.3?

<p>0.9 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two incompatible events are present, what is the sum of their probabilities?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the conditional probability of event A occurring given that event B has already happened?

<p>P(A|B) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of rolling a number that is greater than 3 and even when a die is rolled?

<p>1/3 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two events each have a probability of 0.3 and are independent, what is the probability that neither event occurs?

<p>0.49 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many different 3-letter arrangements can be formed using the letters in the word ABSENT?

<p>120 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a female selected randomly from a class of 460 females and 540 males failed if 13% of females failed?

<p>0.13 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the total number of different 2-member teams that can be formed from six students?

<p>21 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many possible license plates can be issued if the format is two letters followed by two numbers?

<p>67600 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the value of 0! + 1! + 4! evaluated?

<p>26 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a fair coin is tossed five times, what is the probability that the fifth toss is heads, given that the first four were heads?

<p>1/2 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that the second taken cylinder is elliptic given that the first was conic?

<p>8/11 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of drawing a white ball first, then a black ball, followed by a blue ball from an urn containing 4 white, 5 black, and 6 blue balls?

<p>4/91 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given P(A) = 0.1, P(B) = 0.49, and P(C) = 0.3, what is the probability of event D?

<p>0.11 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the probability of hitting the target with the first gun is 0.3 and with the second gun is 0.5, what is the probability of hitting the target with both guns?

<p>0.15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that all three selected details from three boxes will be standard, if the first box has 5 standard details, the second has 6, and the third has 3?

<p>0.09 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of at least two hits when shooting at a target with three guns that have hit probabilities of p1 = 0.6, p2 = 0.7, and p3 = 0.5?

<p>0.874 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that at least one of the three flat-printing machines at a typography works, if each has a working probability of 0.6?

<p>0.936 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that exactly two hits occur in three shots at a target where each shot has a probability of hit equal to 0.6?

<p>0.432 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many two-place numbers can be made of the digits 1, 4, 5, and 7 if each digit is included only once?

<p>16 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many ways are there to choose 2 details from a box containing 9 details?

<p>36 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If object A can be chosen by m ways and object B can be chosen by n ways, how many ways can either A or B be chosen?

<p>m + n (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What defines events as equally possible?

<p>There is a reason to consider that none is more probable than the other. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of a reliable event?

<p>1 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability of an impossible event?

<p>0 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What range does the probability of a random event fall into?

<p>The positive number between 0 and 1 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the relative frequency of an event A defined?

<p>m/n, where m is the number of appearances and n is the total number of trials. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a randomly selected male student did not pass?

<p>0.21 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a student who can solve 6 out of 10 problems will solve exactly five problems when 8 questions are selected randomly?

<p>0.53 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If 10% of people are left-handed, what is the probability that exactly 2 out of 6 randomly selected people are left-handed?

<p>0.098 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that not all of 4 tested computer chips fail if 15% are rejected?

<p>0.9995 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement correctly defines the union of two events A and B?

<p>The set of all outcomes in either A or B, or both. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that a randomly chosen student from a class of 20 students under the age of 10 is also under 11?

<p>1 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a CD with 12 songs where the first five are rock and the rest are ballads, what is the probability of first listening to a ballad?

<p>2/3 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If two fair dice are rolled and the total is 6, what is the probability that the red die shows a 3?

<p>1/5 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that the problem given to three students with chances 2/3, 3/4, and 2/5 will be solved?

<p>14/15 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that at least one of a boy or a girl passes an M.B.A. examination if the boy has a 1/5 chance of failing and the girl has a 3/5 chance?

<p>22/25 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If an urn contains 10 balls and the probability that both drawn balls are the same color is 0.54, how many blue balls are in the second urn?

<p>2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a bag with 6 red discs and 4 blue discs, what is the conditional probability that all three drawn discs will be blue given that at least one is blue?

<p>1/33 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a bag contains 4 white, 6 red, and 10 black balls, what is the formula to calculate the probability that at least one ball drawn with replacement is white?

<p>1 − (1 − (4/20))^4 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Given two sets of details where the probability of a standard detail from the first set is 0.7 and from the second set is 0.4, what is the probability that a randomly chosen detail is not standard?

<p>0.45 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which expression indicates the occurrence of exactly one of the events A, B, C?

<p>A·Bc·C + Ac·B·C + Ac·Bc·C (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the probability that exactly one of the boy or girl passes the examination, given their failure probabilities of 1/5 and 3/5 respectively?

<p>14/25 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Permutations

The number of ways to arrange a set of objects in a specific order. For example, how many different ways can you arrange the letters in the word 'CAT'?

Combinations

The number of ways to choose a subset of objects from a larger set. For example, how many different ways can you choose 3 balls from a set of 5 balls?

Probability

The probability of an event occurring is the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes. For example, if you roll a die, the probability of rolling a 6 is 1/6, because there is one favorable outcome (rolling a 6) and six total possible outcomes (rolling 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6).

Reliable Event

A reliable event is an event that is certain to happen. Its probability is equal to 1.

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Impossible Event

An impossible event is an event that cannot happen. Its probability is equal to 0.

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Random Event

A random event is an event whose outcome is uncertain. Its probability is a positive number between 0 and 1.

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Relative Frequency

The relative frequency of an event is the proportion of times that the event occurs in a series of trials. For example, if you flip a coin 10 times and it lands on heads 6 times, the relative frequency of heads is 6/10 or 0.6.

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Conditional Probability

The probability of an event occurring when another event has already happened.

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Incompatible Events

Two events that cannot occur at the same time.

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Complete Group of Events

A set of events where one and only one event must occur.

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Probability of Opposite Events

The probability of an event not happening is 1 minus the probability of the event happening.

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Sum of Probabilities of a Complete Group

The sum of the probabilities of a group of events where one and only one event must occur.

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Probability Range

The probability of any event is between 0 and 1. 0 means impossible and 1 means certain.

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Probability of the Union of Two Events

The probability of the union of two events is the sum of their individual probabilities minus the probability of their intersection.

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Probability Calculation

The probability of any event happening is the number of favorable outcomes divided by the total number of possible outcomes.

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Probability without replacement

The probability of multiple events happening in sequence, where the occurrence of one event affects the probability of the next event.

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Theorem of Multiplication for Independent Events

The product of the individual probabilities of each independent event.

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Probability of Joint Hit

The probability of two independent events happening together.

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Probability of Multiple Events Occuring

The probability of multiple events happening, each with a separate probability, and all events need to occur.

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Probability of At Least Two Hits Probability

The probability of at least two events out of a set occurring.

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Probability of At Least One Machine Working

The probability of at least one event out of a set occurring.

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Probability of an event NOT happening

The chance of an event NOT happening. It's calculated as 1 minus the probability of the event happening.

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At least one event happening

The chance of at least one of the events happening. It is calculated by adding the probabilities of each event and subtracting the probability of all events happening.

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Exactly one event happening

The chance of exactly one of the events happening. It is calculated by adding the probabilities of each event happening while the others don't.

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Probability Basics

The probability of an event occurring is the ratio of the number of favorable outcomes to the total number of possible outcomes.

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Intersection of Events

The set of all basic outcomes contained within both A and B.

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Union of Events

The set of all basic outcomes in either A or B, or both.

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Sum of Probabilities

The sum of the probabilities of a group of events where one, and only one event must occur, is always equal to 1.

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Probability of Multiple Events

The probability of two or more independent events happening together is the product of their individual probabilities.

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Probability of At Least One

The probability of at least one event out of a set occurring is equal to 1 minus the probability of none of the events occurring.

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Independent Events

Two events are independent if the outcome of one event does not affect the outcome of the other event.

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Study Notes

Permutations, Combinations, Allocations

  • Permutation formula: Pn = n! or Pn-m =(n!)/(m!*(n-m)!)
  • Allocation formula: Anm = n!/(n − m)!
  • Combination formula: nCm = n! / (m! * (n − m)!)

Two-Place Numbers

  • Using digits {1, 4, 5, 7}, there are 24 two-place numbers possible without repetition.
  • There are 12 two-place numbers possible if repetition is allowed (using digits 1, 4, 5, 7)

Ways to Choose Details

  • From a box of 9 details, choosing 2 can be done in 36 ways.

Relationships Between Allocations, Permutations, and Combinations

  • Am = PmCm
  • The formulas for allocations, permutations, and combinations are related.

Equally Possible Events

  • Events are equally possible if there is no reason to believe one event is more likely than another.

Probability of an Event

  • Probability formula: P(A) = (favorable outcomes)/(total possible outcomes)
  • Probability of a certain event = 1
  • Probability of an impossible event = 0

Relative Frequency

  • Relative frequency of event A = number of times A occurred / total number of trials

Probability of a Random Event

  • The probability of a random event is a positive number between 0 and 1.

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