Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which condition is most likely to cause a vascular obstruction in the intestines?
Which condition is most likely to cause a vascular obstruction in the intestines?
- Collagen vascular disease
- Endocrine disorder
- Chronic atrial fibrillation (correct)
- Venous thrombosis in shock
What percentage of colorectal cancer cases are estimated to occur due to family history?
What percentage of colorectal cancer cases are estimated to occur due to family history?
- 5-10%
- Approximately 85%
- Approximately 33% (correct)
- Approximately 9%
Which dietary factor is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer?
Which dietary factor is associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer?
- Diet high in red or processed meat (correct)
- High intake of fruits and vegetables
- Low intake of processed meats
- High intake of grains
Which genetic condition is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer?
Which genetic condition is the most common form of hereditary colorectal cancer?
Which type of cancer is most common amongst the cases of colorectal cancer?
Which type of cancer is most common amongst the cases of colorectal cancer?
What is the typical origin of most colorectal cancers?
What is the typical origin of most colorectal cancers?
Which of the following is NOT a listed nursing diagnosis for colorectal cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a listed nursing diagnosis for colorectal cancer?
What is the term for the surgical opening in the skin where intestinal contents pass through?
What is the term for the surgical opening in the skin where intestinal contents pass through?
What position should the head of the bed be elevated to for patients with acute symptoms of GERD?
What position should the head of the bed be elevated to for patients with acute symptoms of GERD?
Which type of hiatal hernia is most commonly found when the patient is supine?
Which type of hiatal hernia is most commonly found when the patient is supine?
What is an indication that a patient may be experiencing respiratory complications post-surgery?
What is an indication that a patient may be experiencing respiratory complications post-surgery?
What is the recommended action for a patient experiencing persistent GERD symptoms?
What is the recommended action for a patient experiencing persistent GERD symptoms?
What should patients on PPIs do regarding their medication timing?
What should patients on PPIs do regarding their medication timing?
Which side effect should patients taking prescription H2-receptor agents be informed about?
Which side effect should patients taking prescription H2-receptor agents be informed about?
What characterizes a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?
What characterizes a paraesophageal hiatal hernia?
Which demographic is more likely to experience hiatal hernias?
Which demographic is more likely to experience hiatal hernias?
What is the primary goal of collaborative care in managing nausea and vomiting?
What is the primary goal of collaborative care in managing nausea and vomiting?
Which type of vomiting is characterized by a forceful expulsion of stomach contents without nausea?
Which type of vomiting is characterized by a forceful expulsion of stomach contents without nausea?
What condition may cause vomitus with a 'coffee ground' appearance?
What condition may cause vomitus with a 'coffee ground' appearance?
In older adults, what complication is a significant concern when experiencing nausea and vomiting?
In older adults, what complication is a significant concern when experiencing nausea and vomiting?
Which symptom might suggest a Mallory-Weiss tear?
Which symptom might suggest a Mallory-Weiss tear?
What does the presence of fecal odor in the vomitus typically indicate?
What does the presence of fecal odor in the vomitus typically indicate?
Which factor increases the likelihood of women experiencing nausea and vomiting?
Which factor increases the likelihood of women experiencing nausea and vomiting?
What can the color of vomitus reveal?
What can the color of vomitus reveal?
What is the primary role of hormones released into the bloodstream when food enters the stomach and small intestine?
What is the primary role of hormones released into the bloodstream when food enters the stomach and small intestine?
Which of the following best describes nausea?
Which of the following best describes nausea?
What complex actions are required for the act of vomiting?
What complex actions are required for the act of vomiting?
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with nausea and vomiting?
Which of the following conditions is NOT commonly associated with nausea and vomiting?
What is a significant factor that the vomiting center in the brainstem responds to?
What is a significant factor that the vomiting center in the brainstem responds to?
Which of the following psychological factors can contribute to nausea and vomiting?
Which of the following psychological factors can contribute to nausea and vomiting?
What are some of the extra-gastrointestinal conditions that can lead to nausea and vomiting?
What are some of the extra-gastrointestinal conditions that can lead to nausea and vomiting?
Which of the following describes the closure of the glottis during vomiting?
Which of the following describes the closure of the glottis during vomiting?
What is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer related to lifestyle choices?
What is a major risk factor for esophageal cancer related to lifestyle choices?
What is a significant risk for older adults with a decreased level of consciousness during episodes of vomiting?
What is a significant risk for older adults with a decreased level of consciousness during episodes of vomiting?
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with esophageal cancer?
Which of the following symptoms is most commonly associated with esophageal cancer?
Which factor increases the risk of oral infections in patients receiving treatment for cancer?
Which factor increases the risk of oral infections in patients receiving treatment for cancer?
What is a common consequence of oral inflammation and infections?
What is a common consequence of oral inflammation and infections?
In which part of the esophagus are most esophageal tumors located?
In which part of the esophagus are most esophageal tumors located?
What condition is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell cancer in the esophagus?
What condition is associated with an increased risk of squamous cell cancer in the esophagus?
Which type of oral cancer develops in the throat just behind the mouth?
Which type of oral cancer develops in the throat just behind the mouth?
What could be a late symptom of esophageal cancer as the disease progresses?
What could be a late symptom of esophageal cancer as the disease progresses?
What is the most favorable prognosis among oral tumors?
What is the most favorable prognosis among oral tumors?
Which is a common risk factor for developing oral cancer?
Which is a common risk factor for developing oral cancer?
Which group has a higher incidence of esophageal cancer compared to other ethnic groups?
Which group has a higher incidence of esophageal cancer compared to other ethnic groups?
What should be prioritized in the management of patients with oral infections?
What should be prioritized in the management of patients with oral infections?
Which assessment question is relevant for a nurse to ask a patient potentially at risk for esophageal cancer?
Which assessment question is relevant for a nurse to ask a patient potentially at risk for esophageal cancer?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of oral pathogens beyond the oral cavity?
Which of the following is a potential consequence of oral pathogens beyond the oral cavity?
What is a common effect of severe esophageal stenosis (narrowing)?
What is a common effect of severe esophageal stenosis (narrowing)?
Flashcards
Nausea
Nausea
The feeling of discomfort in the stomach with a strong urge to vomit.
Vomiting
Vomiting
The forceful ejection of partially digested food and stomach secretions from the upper GI tract.
Vomiting mechanism
Vomiting mechanism
The process of vomiting involves a complex coordination of different body parts. These include: the voice box (glottis) closing, deep breathing (inspiration), the pyloric sphincter closing, the stomach and LES relaxing, and abdominal muscles contracting.
Causes of nausea and vomiting
Causes of nausea and vomiting
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GI causes of nausea and vomiting (examples)
GI causes of nausea and vomiting (examples)
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Non-GI causes of nausea and vomiting (examples)
Non-GI causes of nausea and vomiting (examples)
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Vomiting center
Vomiting center
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Stimuli that trigger the vomiting center
Stimuli that trigger the vomiting center
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Projectile vomiting
Projectile vomiting
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Regurgitation
Regurgitation
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Mallory-Weiss tear
Mallory-Weiss tear
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Emesis containing partially digested food
Emesis containing partially digested food
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Esophageal varices
Esophageal varices
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Collaborative care for nausea and vomiting
Collaborative care for nausea and vomiting
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Gerontologic considerations for nausea and vomiting
Gerontologic considerations for nausea and vomiting
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Achalasia
Achalasia
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Barrett's Metaplasia
Barrett's Metaplasia
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Dysphagia
Dysphagia
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Odynophagia
Odynophagia
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Esophageal Stenosis
Esophageal Stenosis
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Esophageal Cancer
Esophageal Cancer
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Smoking
Smoking
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Excessive Alcohol Intake
Excessive Alcohol Intake
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Aspiration risk in older adults
Aspiration risk in older adults
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Antiemetic side effects in older adults
Antiemetic side effects in older adults
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Oral inflammation and infection impact
Oral inflammation and infection impact
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Impact of oral infections
Impact of oral infections
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Types of oral cancer
Types of oral cancer
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HNSCC definition
HNSCC definition
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Common sites for oral cancer
Common sites for oral cancer
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Oral cancer prognosis
Oral cancer prognosis
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What is a hiatal hernia?
What is a hiatal hernia?
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Describe a sliding hiatal hernia.
Describe a sliding hiatal hernia.
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Explain a paraesophageal hiatal hernia.
Explain a paraesophageal hiatal hernia.
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How is the head of the bed elevated for GERD?
How is the head of the bed elevated for GERD?
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Why does a patient on a PPI take their medication before the first meal?
Why does a patient on a PPI take their medication before the first meal?
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What are H2-receptor agents?
What are H2-receptor agents?
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What are some potential post-operative complications for hiatal hernia repair?
What are some potential post-operative complications for hiatal hernia repair?
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Why is post-operative care crucial for hiatal hernia repair?
Why is post-operative care crucial for hiatal hernia repair?
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What is colorectal cancer?
What is colorectal cancer?
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What diet increases colorectal cancer risk?
What diet increases colorectal cancer risk?
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What genetic factors increase colorectal cancer risk?
What genetic factors increase colorectal cancer risk?
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What lifestyle choices reduce colorectal cancer risk?
What lifestyle choices reduce colorectal cancer risk?
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What medications can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer?
What medications can reduce the risk of colorectal cancer?
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What are adenomatous polyps?
What are adenomatous polyps?
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What is the connection between polyps and colorectal cancer?
What is the connection between polyps and colorectal cancer?
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What is an ostomy?
What is an ostomy?
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Study Notes
Nursing Care Management 116
- This course covers nursing care management of patients across the lifespan in various settings.
- It focuses on gastrointestinal, metabolism, endocrine, perception, coordination (acute and chronic) conditions.
- Students will utilize the nursing process for individuals, families, and communities.
Care of Clients with Problems of Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, and Elimination
- Gastrointestinal (GI) tract problems are diverse and affect other organ systems.
- Congenital, inflammatory, infectious, traumatic, and neoplastic conditions affect the GI tract.
- Stress, anxiety, fatigue, and dietary changes can impact GI function.
- A thorough assessment of patients needs to consider both physical and mental factors.
Learning Outcomes
- Students will be able to describe the structures and functions of GI organs.
- Differentiate between ingestion, digestion, absorption, and elimination processes.
- Understand age-related GI system differences in assessment findings.
- Identify relevant assessment data for the GI system in patients.
- Describe diagnostic studies, their significance, and nursing responsibilities.
- Explain the etiology, manifestations, complications, collaborative care, and nursing management of various GI conditions like oral/stomach cancer, GI bleeding, colorectal cancer, GERD, hiatal hernia, esophageal cancer, diverticula, achalasia, esophageal strictures, acute/chronic gastritis, and bowel obstructions.
Chapter I: Structures and Functions of Gastrointestinal System
- The GI tract extends from the mouth to the anus (approximately 30 ft or 9 m). It consists of four layers (mucosa, submucosa, muscle, serosa).
- Innervated by the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems; the enteric nervous system coordinates motility and secretion through nerve layers.
- The GI tract receives a significant portion of the circulatory system's cardiac output and supplies blood from the celiac artery, superior mesenteric artery (SMA), and inferior mesenteric artery (IMA).
Chapter II: Nursing Management – Upper Gastrointestinal Problems
- Nausea and vomiting are common GI manifestations.
- Vomiting is a complex process requiring coordinated muscle and nervous system activity.
- Nausea and vomiting can arise from various GI and non-GI conditions.
- Geriatric considerations are important in managing nausea and vomiting in older adults as well as fluid loss and electrolytes.
Chapter III: Nursing Management – Lower Gastrointestinal Problems
- Acute Abdominal Pain: Causes include (but not limited to) abdominal compartment syndrome, appendicitis, bowel obstruction, cholecystitis, diverticulitis, perforated ulcer, ruptured abdominal aneurysm, ruptured ectopic pregnancy, gastroenteritis, perforated gastric or duodenal ulcer, peritonitis, and others.
- Perforation, inflammation, obstruction, and internal bleeding can lead to hypovolemic shock.
- Appendicitis: Inflammation of the appendix, often with obstruction, leading to pain, nausea, vomiting or other symptoms.
- Peritonitis—Inflammation of the peritoneum caused by various conditions needing immediate assessment and management.
Oral Cancer
- Oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancers are the two primary types, usually stemming from the squamous cells of the mouth and throat.
- Several risk factors such as tobacco use, alcohol, and exposure to sunlight contribute to this type of cancer.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)
- GERD is a chronic condition with stomach acid refluxing into the esophagus.
- Factors leading to GERD include incompetency of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES) pressure.
- Symptoms of GERD include heartburn, difficulty swallowing, and respiratory symptoms.
- Treatment aims for symptom relief through lifestyle changes, medication, or surgical intervention.
Esophageal Disorders
- Hiatal hernia refers to an abnormal protrusion of the upper part of the stomach through the diaphragm into the chest.
- Treatments for hiatal hernias are similar to GERD treatment.
- Esophagitis is inflammation of the esophageal lining and is a common symptom associated with GERD and hiatal hernias
Stomach Cancer
- Stomach cancer (gastric cancer) is most common among Asian, Hispanic, and African Americans.
- Symptoms may include early satiety, indigestion, abdominal discomfort, and anemia.
Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
- Bleeding in the upper GI tract can stem from various sources.
- Causes of Upper GI bleeding include, but are not limited to, esophageal varices, peptic ulcer disease, and stress-related mucosal disease.
Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
- IBD encompasses ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.
- Characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation.
- Treatment and patient management can include drug regimes and surgical therapies, varying based on type of disease and severity.
Intestinal Obstructions
- Intestinal obstructions occur when the passage of intestinal content is blocked.
- They can be mechanical, caused by physical blockage, or nonmechanical, caused by muscles and nerves in the digestive system.
- Symptoms of obstructions range from vague abdominal discomfort to severe pain, vomiting, and difficulty passing stool or gas.
Diverticulitis and Diverticulosis
- Diverticulosis refers to the presence of small pouches (diverticula) in the large intestine.
- Diverticulitis is inflammation of these pouches.
- Risk factors include low fiber diets and increased age.
- Complications from diverticulitis include peritonitis, abscess, fistula, and bleeding.
Malabsorption Syndrome
- Malabsorption refers to the impairment in absorption of nutrients in the small intestine.
- Causes include lactose intolerance, celiac disease, IBD, and others.
- Clinical manifestations include weight loss, diarrhea, and steatorrhea.
- Treatments focus on dietary management or other interventions.
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