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Questions and Answers
What was the London Company?
What was the London Company?
This company was granted a southern tract from Cape Fear to Long Island.
What was the purpose of the Plymouth Company?
What was the purpose of the Plymouth Company?
Establish a colony on the coast of Maine.
What was Jamestown known for?
What was Jamestown known for?
It was a complete failure with a high death rate and no resources.
Who was Powhatan?
Who was Powhatan?
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What disease significantly impacted Jamestown?
What disease significantly impacted Jamestown?
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Who was Captain John Smith?
Who was Captain John Smith?
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What did Thomas West (Third Baron de la Warr) contribute to the Jamestown colony?
What did Thomas West (Third Baron de la Warr) contribute to the Jamestown colony?
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What was the 'Counterblast to Tobacco'?
What was the 'Counterblast to Tobacco'?
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Who discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia?
Who discovered how to successfully grow tobacco in Virginia?
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What was the headright system?
What was the headright system?
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What was the significance of the House of Burgesses?
What was the significance of the House of Burgesses?
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What were Companies prohibited from doing?
What were Companies prohibited from doing?
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What is the Virginia Company?
What is the Virginia Company?
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What was tobacco's impact on Virginia?
What was tobacco's impact on Virginia?
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What was James I's relationship with smoking?
What was James I's relationship with smoking?
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Who was Pocahontas?
Who was Pocahontas?
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What year did a Dutch ship bring Africans to America?
What year did a Dutch ship bring Africans to America?
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What was significant about Native American agriculture in Virginia?
What was significant about Native American agriculture in Virginia?
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Who were the Calverts?
Who were the Calverts?
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What was the Act of Concerning Religion?
What was the Act of Concerning Religion?
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Who was Sir William Berkeley?
Who was Sir William Berkeley?
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What did Nathaniel Bacon initiate?
What did Nathaniel Bacon initiate?
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Who led a Puritan movement in England?
Who led a Puritan movement in England?
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Who were the Pilgrims?
Who were the Pilgrims?
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What was the Mayflower Compact?
What was the Mayflower Compact?
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Who was Squanto?
Who was Squanto?
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Who was William Bradford?
Who was William Bradford?
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What defines a commonwealth?
What defines a commonwealth?
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Who were shareholders known as 'Freemen'?
Who were shareholders known as 'Freemen'?
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What characterized the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
What characterized the Massachusetts Bay Colony?
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What changed in 1631 for freemen?
What changed in 1631 for freemen?
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What is Congregationalism?
What is Congregationalism?
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What were the roles of the minister?
What were the roles of the minister?
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What was the role of the congregation?
What was the role of the congregation?
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What did John Winthrop envision for Massachusetts Bay Colony?
What did John Winthrop envision for Massachusetts Bay Colony?
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Who was Thomas Hooker?
Who was Thomas Hooker?
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What defines a Constitution?
What defines a Constitution?
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What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
What were the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut?
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What were the Fundamental Articles of New Haven?
What were the Fundamental Articles of New Haven?
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Who was Roger Williams?
Who was Roger Williams?
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What was Providence Colony?
What was Providence Colony?
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What ideas did Anne Hutchinson preach?
What ideas did Anne Hutchinson preach?
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Who was John Wheelwright?
Who was John Wheelwright?
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Who was John Eliot?
Who was John Eliot?
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What was the Pequot War?
What was the Pequot War?
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Who was Captain John Mason?
Who was Captain John Mason?
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What was King Philip's War?
What was King Philip's War?
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What was the English Civil War?
What was the English Civil War?
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Who were the Roundheads?
Who were the Roundheads?
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Who were the Cavaliers?
Who were the Cavaliers?
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What happened to Charles I?
What happened to Charles I?
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Who was Oliver Cromwell?
Who was Oliver Cromwell?
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What was the Stuart Restoration?
What was the Stuart Restoration?
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What is a proprietary colony?
What is a proprietary colony?
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What is a royal colony?
What is a royal colony?
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Who was Ashley Cooper?
Who was Ashley Cooper?
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What characterized the Carolinas in 1665?
What characterized the Carolinas in 1665?
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What was the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina?
What was the Fundamental Constitution for Carolina?
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What was significant about Barbados?
What was significant about Barbados?
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Who was James, Duke of York?
Who was James, Duke of York?
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Who was Peter Stuyvesant?
Who was Peter Stuyvesant?
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What were Patroons?
What were Patroons?
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Who were John Berkely and Sir George Carteret?
Who were John Berkely and Sir George Carteret?
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What does anarchy mean?
What does anarchy mean?
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Who was William Penn?
Who was William Penn?
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What was the Charter of Liberties?
What was the Charter of Liberties?
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What can you say about New Mexico?
What can you say about New Mexico?
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Who was Opechancanough?
Who was Opechancanough?
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Who was Oglethorpe?
Who was Oglethorpe?
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What are the Middle Grounds?
What are the Middle Grounds?
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What were the Navigation Acts?
What were the Navigation Acts?
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What does the Massachusetts General Court represent?
What does the Massachusetts General Court represent?
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Who was Edmund Andros?
Who was Edmund Andros?
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What was the Glorious Revolution?
What was the Glorious Revolution?
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Who was Francis Nicholson?
Who was Francis Nicholson?
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Who was Jacob Leisler?
Who was Jacob Leisler?
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Study Notes
Colonial Ventures and Settlements
- London Company: Granted a tract from Cape Fear to Long Island; launched the Discovery, Godspeed, under Captain Newport, taking five months to reach North America.
- Plymouth Company: Aimed to establish a colony in Maine, capitalizing on nearby fishing grounds for trade and food with Native Americans.
- Jamestown: Notable for its failure due to high mortality, lack of resources, and abandonment of projects, contributing to its early struggles.
- Powhatan Confederation: Local native leader at Jamestown; composed of multiple tribes and frequently aggressive towards English settlers.
Health and Leadership Challenges
- Malaria: Devastated Jamestown inhabitants due to swampy conditions, leading to high death rates and workforce attrition.
- Captain John Smith: Essential leader in Jamestown's survival during its initial year; known for his skills in survival and leadership; captured by Powhatan but spared by Pocahontas.
- Thomas West (Baron de la Warr): Developed organizational systems including taxation and land distribution to support colony expansion.
Economy and Legislation
- Tobacco: Key crop that financially supported Virginia; while lucrative, it depleted soil and was unsustainable as a singular economic focus.
- House of Burgesses (1619): Originated as the first legislative assembly in colonial America, influencing governance in subsequent colonies.
- Headright System: Land distribution strategy giving 50 acres to colonists for each indentured servant they brought, incentivizing immigration.
Religious and Social Dynamics
- Act of Concerning Religion: Fostered religious tolerance in Maryland, safeguarding Christians regardless of denomination under Cecil Calvert's leadership.
- Anne Hutchinson: Advocated for individual revelation and was expelled from Massachusetts Bay; her teachings contributed to the establishment of New Hampshire.
- Puritan Separatists: Led by Oliver Cromwell, they established a more politically controlled England and spearheaded change in governance.
Conflict and Unity
- The Pequot War: Faced between English settlers and Pequot Indians, resulting in near-total destruction of the Pequot population and asserting colonial land claims.
- King Philip's War (1675): Significant conflict resulting from colonial expansion and jurisdictional disputes over local tribes; it dramatically reduced Native American populations in New England.
- Navigation Acts: Regulatory laws controlling colonial trade to benefit England, leading to colonial resentment and growing calls for independence.
Governance and Colony Formation
- Proprietary and Royal Colonies: Various types of colonial governance; proprietary colonies were established through land grants while royal colonies were directly controlled by the monarchy.
- Fundamental Orders of Connecticut: Recognized as the first written constitution in America, establishing limits on governmental power and extending voting rights beyond church members.
- William Penn: As a Quaker, founded Pennsylvania to promote peaceful coexistence and provide religious freedom.
Territorial Development and Encounter
- Carolinas and Georgia: Founded for economic gain and as a refuge for debtors; ultimately split into North and South Carolina due to differing economies and cultures.
- Francis Nicholson and Edmund Andros: Key figures in the administration of New York and the Dominion of New England, faced challenges due to unpopular law enforcement and governance.
- Spanish Missionary Activity: Aimed to spread culture and Christianity in the Southwest; success largely depended on the missionaries' effectiveness and relationship-building with Native populations.
Major Events and Figures
- Oglethorpe: Founder of Georgia, aimed to create a sanctuary for the poor and persecuted.
- Glorious Revolution: Marked the transition from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy in England, influencing the governance of colonies.
- Jacob Leisler: German immigrant and interim governor of New York; executed for treason but later cleared of charges, highlighting political tensions in colonial governance.
These notes summarize the key entities, events, and social dynamics during the early years of colonization in America, reflecting the diverse motivations, conflicts, and governance structures that shaped early American society.
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Test your knowledge on the early colonial ventures and settlements, including the efforts of the London and Plymouth Companies, the challenges faced in Jamestown, and the interactions with the Powhatan Confederation. This quiz covers critical events and figures that shaped the early years of American colonization.