Colonial Labor and Slave Trade

The establishment of European settlements in North America between 1607 and 1754.

The year the first permanent English colony, Jamestown, was established in Virginia.

The year marking the start of the French and Indian War, influencing colonial relations.

Economic gains, religious freedom, and competition among European powers drove colonization.

Colonization led to cultural exchanges, displacement of Indigenous peoples, and economic resource exploitation.

A branch of Christianity formed in opposition to the Catholic Church, notably due to the sale of indulgences.

A Christian denomination that emerged from the Church of England, seeking to separate from Catholicism.

A group aiming to 'purify' the Anglican Church by removing Catholic practices and emphasizing strict religious discipline.

Groups that wanted to completely separate from the established church, known as Pilgrims in America.

An agreement signed by Pilgrims for self-governance in their new colony, Plymouth.

Businesses formed by groups of investors to share costs and risks of colonization in the New World.

The ability to move up or down the social ladder, significantly limited in England at the time.

The intense rivalry over land and resources between European settlers and Indigenous populations in America.

An economic theory that promotes government regulation of a nation's economy for augmenting state power.

The exchange of goods, resources, and diseases between Europe and the Americas.

The decrease in American Indian populations due to disease brought by Europeans.

Settlements where Puritans attempted to convert Native Americans to Christianity.

Continuous threats faced by New England colonies from natives and European rivals during the 1640s.

A military alliance formed in the 1640s for mutual protection among New England colonies.

A conflict (1675-1676) between New England colonists and Native American tribes led by Metacom.

A 1676 revolt led by Nathaniel Bacon against Governor Berkeley in Virginia over native attacks.

An uprising by Pueblo tribes in 1680 against Spanish colonial rule in New Mexico.

Spanish labor system rewarding colonists with land and native labor.

The conflict arising from competition for land and resources between colonists and natives.

Mixed descent people in New Mexico, often children of Spanish and Pueblo parents.

The attempts by colonizers to convert and integrate natives into European culture.

The outer edges of settlements where conflicts arose between colonists and Native Americans.

The significant effect of European diseases on indigenous populations' health and demographic change.

The brutal sea journey where ~12 million Africans were transported to the Americas for slavery.

Workers under contract who labored for landowners for several years in exchange for passage and sustenance.

The increasing need for labor on plantations led to a rise in the number of enslaved Africans in the colonies.

Regions with the highest reliance on slavery, primarily for agriculture, unlike the northern colonies.

The system where enslaved Africans were forcibly brought to the Americas, largely financed by northern colonies.

The distinct variations in culture, economy, and governance across English colonies.

A document granting authority to establish a colony, outlining its governance.

Colonies operated by joint-stock companies for economic profit.

Colonies controlled directly by the king's government.

Colonies granted to individuals or groups by the king, allowing personal control.

A land grant policy that awarded 50 acres for settlers or sponsors of settlers.

Key figures like Captain John Smith and John Rolfe contributed to the colony's survival and economy.

A 1649 law in Maryland granting religious freedom to all Christians.

The first written constitution in the colonies, setting up a representative government.

Established as a refuge for dissenters; recognized rights of Native Americans.

William Penn's attempt to create a society based on Quaker values of equality and democracy.

The movement of 15,000 Puritans to Massachusetts Bay Colony due to religious persecution.

Agrarian economy primarily based on tobacco cultivation and reliance on enslaved labor by the end of the 17th century.

Split into North and South Carolina in 1729, each developing distinct economies and societies.

Laws adopted by colonists to perpetuate slavery and inheritance of enslaved status.

A 1739 uprising in South Carolina where enslaved individuals resisted, leading to violence.

Significant population increase between 1701 and 1775, especially among African Americans.

Protestants fleeing persecution and seeking opportunities in America, settled mostly in middle colonies.

Forced into labor, particularly as field hands, and faced discriminatory laws in all colonies.

Natives formed alliances to protect land against settlers, promoting some peaceful relations.

Colonies primarily engaged in agriculture, forestry, and fishing, with land ownership as the wealth path.

Various religious groups, with Protestants being dominant and some facing discrimination.

An early 18th-century religious movement emphasizing emotional sermons and equality among believers.

Early emphasis on Bible reading led to the establishment of the first tax-supported schools.

Argued that government should follow natural laws and be accountable to the people.

Colonial governance had a governor and a legislature, evolving into a form of limited democracy.

Colonists had commercial, religious, and language ties with Britain but developed a distinct identity.

Colonists used newspapers to disseminate news, but could be jailed for criticizing authorities.

As survival no longer dominated, art and literature blossomed among prosperous colonists.