Collectivism vs. Individualism Quiz

Compatibility and Reciprocity

• Interchange compatibility: compatibility between members of a group based on their similar needs for inclusion, affection, and control.
• Originator compatibility: compatibility between members of a group when individuals who wish to express inclusion, affection, or control will be matched to those who seek to receive this.

Reciprocity Principle

• The tendency for a liking that will go in both ways: person A likes person B and person B will respond positively to this by expressing his liking towards person A.
• Negative reciprocity: also works in disliking.

Minimax Principle

• A preference for relationships and memberships which provide the maximum number of valued rewards and cost us the fewest.

Social Exchange Theory

• The decision to be part of a group depends on two factors: the comparison level (CL) and the comparison level for alternatives (CLalt).
• The comparison level (CL) is the standard by which the desirability of group membership is measured.
• CL only states whether or not people will be satisfied with the membership of a certain group.

Social Capital

• People are linked in social relationships in which the individual gains the positive advantages.

The Pain of Exclusion

• Loneliness: an aversive psychological reaction to feeling alone; a perceived lack of relations.
• Emotional loneliness: caused by a lack of a long-term meaningful and intimate relationship with someone.
• Social loneliness: caused by a feeling of being cut off from their network of friends, group members, etc.
• Ostracism: excluding a person or group of people from a group, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.

Reactions to Exclusion

• Temporal need-threat-model: consisting of negative feelings (the experience of stress, disappointment, and pain), reflective stage (consisting of searching for a reason for and meaning to the ostracism), and resignation stage (when persistent overtime, depression, loss of self-esteem, and helplessness occurs).
• Fight or flight response: a common reaction to stressful or threatening circumstances to counter (fight) or escape (flight) a threat.
• Tend-and-befriend reaction: an interpersonal response in which someone initiates or strengthens relationships (befriending) or shows supportive behavior (tending).

Self-Evaluation Maintenance

• People prefer to associate with individuals who do not outperform them in areas that are very relevant to their self-esteem.

Attraction

• Proximity principle: people tend to form interpersonal relations with people that are close by.
• Elaboration principle: groups tend to expand in size when non-members become part of the group by becoming linked to a group member.
• Similarity principle: the tendency for individuals to affiliate with (or be attracted to) individuals which are similar to themselves in some way.
• Complementarity principle: the tendency for opposites to attract one another when their dissimilarities are complementary.

Individualism vs Collectivism

• Individualism: focused on the rights and concerns of each person.
• Collectivism: emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.

Optimal Distinctiveness Theory

• The need to be assimilated by a group.
• The need to be connected to friends and loved ones.
• The need for differentiation and autonomy.

From Personal Identity to Social Identity

• Social identity theory: groups influence their members’ self-esteem and self-concept.
• Social Identity: (collective self) The "we" component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society.
• Personal Identity: The "me" component of the self-concept that derives from individualistic qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.

Social Categorization and Stereotypes

• Social categorization: the classification of people, the self-included, into categories.
• Stereotypes: socially shared set of cognitive generalizations, in the shape of expectations or beliefs, about the qualities and characteristics of a member of a group or category.

Group Dynamics and Productivity

• High cohesive groups will increase their group dynamics.
• Cohesion causes better productivity, but a better accomplishing group will gain more cohesiveness as well.

Norms

• Norms are called the cement of society.
• Prescriptive Norms: a consensual standard that identifies preferable behaviors which are positively sanctioned.
• Proscriptive Norms: a consensual standard which identifies prohibited behaviors which are negatively sanctioned.
• Descriptive Norms: a consensual standard which describes how people usually behave, act or feel in a certain situation.
• Injunctive Norms: a consensual standard which is evaluative and describes how one should act, feel or think given a certain situation.
• Folkway: cultural standards which are taken for granted on how to act within a culture.