Podcast
Questions and Answers
Why do individuals prefer to associate with others who do not outperform them in areas that are relevant to their self-esteem?
Why do individuals prefer to associate with others who do not outperform them in areas that are relevant to their self-esteem?
How does the proximity principle influence interpersonal relations?
How does the proximity principle influence interpersonal relations?
What is the elaboration principle in group dynamics?
What is the elaboration principle in group dynamics?
Why do individuals tend to affiliate with those who are similar to them?
Why do individuals tend to affiliate with those who are similar to them?
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What does the complementarity principle suggest about attraction?
What does the complementarity principle suggest about attraction?
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Which factor influences elevating one's appraisal of their own work through upward social comparison?
Which factor influences elevating one's appraisal of their own work through upward social comparison?
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What is the primary focus of individualism?
What is the primary focus of individualism?
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Which theory states that people have a need to be assimilated by a group as well as a need for differentiation and autonomy?
Which theory states that people have a need to be assimilated by a group as well as a need for differentiation and autonomy?
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According to social identity theory, what do groups influence?
According to social identity theory, what do groups influence?
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What is the 'collective self' component of self-concept referred to as?
What is the 'collective self' component of self-concept referred to as?
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What is the process of classifying people, including oneself, into categories called?
What is the process of classifying people, including oneself, into categories called?
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What do stereotypes include information about?
What do stereotypes include information about?
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What is the relationship between high cohesive groups and solving difficult problems?
What is the relationship between high cohesive groups and solving difficult problems?
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Which type of group is likely to benefit the most from increased cohesion according to the text?
Which type of group is likely to benefit the most from increased cohesion according to the text?
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What do norms represent in the context of the text?
What do norms represent in the context of the text?
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In the text, what are Prescriptive Norms primarily concerned with?
In the text, what are Prescriptive Norms primarily concerned with?
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What do Injunctive Norms evaluate according to the text?
What do Injunctive Norms evaluate according to the text?
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What do Folkways represent in terms of cultural standards?
What do Folkways represent in terms of cultural standards?
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What are the two key forms of compatibility mentioned?
What are the two key forms of compatibility mentioned?
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What does the reciprocity principle entail?
What does the reciprocity principle entail?
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What is the minimax principle?
What is the minimax principle?
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According to Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange theory, what are the two factors that determine the decision to be part of a group?
According to Thibaut and Kelley's social exchange theory, what are the two factors that determine the decision to be part of a group?
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What is the comparison level (CL)?
What is the comparison level (CL)?
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What does the comparison level (CL) indicate?
What does the comparison level (CL) indicate?
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What is the main concept associated with Social Capital?
What is the main concept associated with Social Capital?
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Which type of loneliness is due to a lack of long-term intimate relationships?
Which type of loneliness is due to a lack of long-term intimate relationships?
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What is the term for deliberately excluding someone from a group by reducing contact?
What is the term for deliberately excluding someone from a group by reducing contact?
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In the Reaction to Exclusion, what is the Reflective Stage characterized by?
In the Reaction to Exclusion, what is the Reflective Stage characterized by?
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What is the tend-and-befriend reaction in response to stressful circumstances characterized by?
What is the tend-and-befriend reaction in response to stressful circumstances characterized by?
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According to Kimpling Williams's temporal need-threat-model, what stage involves negative feelings like stress and disappointment?
According to Kimpling Williams's temporal need-threat-model, what stage involves negative feelings like stress and disappointment?
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Study Notes
Compatibility and Reciprocity
- Interchange compatibility: compatibility between members of a group based on their similar needs for inclusion, affection, and control.
- Originator compatibility: compatibility between members of a group when individuals who wish to express inclusion, affection, or control will be matched to those who seek to receive this.
Reciprocity Principle
- The tendency for a liking that will go in both ways: person A likes person B and person B will respond positively to this by expressing his liking towards person A.
- Negative reciprocity: also works in disliking.
Minimax Principle
- A preference for relationships and memberships which provide the maximum number of valued rewards and cost us the fewest.
Social Exchange Theory
- The decision to be part of a group depends on two factors: the comparison level (CL) and the comparison level for alternatives (CLalt).
- The comparison level (CL) is the standard by which the desirability of group membership is measured.
- CL only states whether or not people will be satisfied with the membership of a certain group.
Social Capital
- People are linked in social relationships in which the individual gains the positive advantages.
The Pain of Exclusion
- Loneliness: an aversive psychological reaction to feeling alone; a perceived lack of relations.
- Emotional loneliness: caused by a lack of a long-term meaningful and intimate relationship with someone.
- Social loneliness: caused by a feeling of being cut off from their network of friends, group members, etc.
- Ostracism: excluding a person or group of people from a group, usually by ignoring, shunning, or explicitly banishing them.
Reactions to Exclusion
- Temporal need-threat-model: consisting of negative feelings (the experience of stress, disappointment, and pain), reflective stage (consisting of searching for a reason for and meaning to the ostracism), and resignation stage (when persistent overtime, depression, loss of self-esteem, and helplessness occurs).
- Fight or flight response: a common reaction to stressful or threatening circumstances to counter (fight) or escape (flight) a threat.
- Tend-and-befriend reaction: an interpersonal response in which someone initiates or strengthens relationships (befriending) or shows supportive behavior (tending).
Self-Evaluation Maintenance
- People prefer to associate with individuals who do not outperform them in areas that are very relevant to their self-esteem.
Attraction
- Proximity principle: people tend to form interpersonal relations with people that are close by.
- Elaboration principle: groups tend to expand in size when non-members become part of the group by becoming linked to a group member.
- Similarity principle: the tendency for individuals to affiliate with (or be attracted to) individuals which are similar to themselves in some way.
- Complementarity principle: the tendency for opposites to attract one another when their dissimilarities are complementary.
Individualism vs Collectivism
- Individualism: focused on the rights and concerns of each person.
- Collectivism: emphasizes the primacy of the group or community rather than each individual person.
Optimal Distinctiveness Theory
- The need to be assimilated by a group.
- The need to be connected to friends and loved ones.
- The need for differentiation and autonomy.
From Personal Identity to Social Identity
- Social identity theory: groups influence their members’ self-esteem and self-concept.
- Social Identity: (collective self) The "we" component of the self-concept that includes all those qualities attendant to relationships with other people, groups, and society.
- Personal Identity: The "me" component of the self-concept that derives from individualistic qualities such as traits, beliefs, and skills.
Social Categorization and Stereotypes
- Social categorization: the classification of people, the self-included, into categories.
- Stereotypes: socially shared set of cognitive generalizations, in the shape of expectations or beliefs, about the qualities and characteristics of a member of a group or category.
Group Dynamics and Productivity
- High cohesive groups will increase their group dynamics.
- Cohesion causes better productivity, but a better accomplishing group will gain more cohesiveness as well.
Norms
- Norms are called the cement of society.
- Prescriptive Norms: a consensual standard that identifies preferable behaviors which are positively sanctioned.
- Proscriptive Norms: a consensual standard which identifies prohibited behaviors which are negatively sanctioned.
- Descriptive Norms: a consensual standard which describes how people usually behave, act or feel in a certain situation.
- Injunctive Norms: a consensual standard which is evaluative and describes how one should act, feel or think given a certain situation.
- Folkway: cultural standards which are taken for granted on how to act within a culture.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the differences between collectivism and individualism, where one emphasizes the importance of the group while the other focuses on individual rights and concerns. Explore concepts like Optimal Distinctiveness Theory and understand the contrasting views on community and individual well-being.
