Cohen Review Flashcards

Basal Cell Carcinoma

• Common skin cancer with a high cure rate through surgical removal.

Acne Treatment

• First-line treatment: topical therapies.
• Second-line: oral antibiotics, specifically erythromycin.
• Third-line: Accutane (tretinoin) for severe cases.

Burns Rule of Nines (Adults)

• Head and neck: 9%
• Each upper extremity: 9%
• Each lower extremity: 9%
• Anterior trunk: 18%
• Posterior trunk: 18%
• Genital area: 1%

Burns Rule of Nines (Pediatric)

• Head: 18%
• Each upper extremity: 9%
• Each lower extremity: 14%
• Anterior trunk: 18%
• Posterior trunk: 18%

Burn Degrees and Treatments

• 1st Degree Burn: Redness; treated with burn gel or cream.
• 2nd Degree Burn: Blistering, partial thickness; treated with Silvadene.
• 3rd Degree Burn: Full thickness; damaging skin, nerves, and muscles; no pain sensation; requires emergency department referral.

Peripheral Vascular Disease (PVD) - Arterial

• Insufficient oxygenated blood to extremities resulting in cold legs and claudication (pain while walking).
• Symptoms: weak or absent pulse, rounded smooth sores typically on toes and feet.

Venous Insufficiency

• Inadequate venous valve function leading to reduced blood return from lower limbs.
• Often presents with edema and skin ulcers, especially around the ankles.

PVD Priority Management

• Essential to initiate smoking cessation for better outcomes.

Hepatitis B Vaccine Schedule

• First dose at time of initial visit.
• Second dose: 1-2 months after the first.
• Third dose: 4-6 months after the second.
• Safe for pregnant women.

DTaP Vaccine

• Protects against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and acellular Pertussis; requires 4 doses by toddlerhood, with a 5th by age 6.
• Caution in children with seizure history; Tdap is a booster for those 10 and older.

Tdap Vaccine

• Administered after age 7 and given to pregnant women in every pregnancy.
• Only need to receive it once in a lifetime.

Td Vaccine

• Booster recommended at age 11-12 if 5 years have passed since the last dose.
• Subsequent boosters every 10 years.
• Can be given to unvaccinated children starting at age 7 and adults through IM injection.

MMR Vaccine

• Protects against measles, mumps, and rubella; administered at 12 months of age as a live vaccine.

HPV Vaccine

• Two doses starting at age 9; if the first dose is delayed, three doses are required.

Mastitis Management

• Breastfeeding should continue; treated with cephalosporin.

Ectopic Pregnancy

• Typically diagnosed around weeks 8-10 of gestation.

Healthy Pregnancy Weight Gain

• Recommended weight gain is approximately 25 lbs.

Alpha-Fetoprotein Testing

• Conducted between the 15th and 20th weeks of pregnancy.

Group B Strep Screening

• Performed between 35-37 weeks of gestation; positive results mandate treatment.

Wilms' Tumor

• A malignant kidney tumor in children that typically does not cross the midline.

Sickle Cell Disease

• A genetic condition causing abnormal hemoglobin in red blood cells, leading to a sickle shape; treatment focuses on hydration.

Febrile Seizures

• Occur in children due to sudden high fevers; managed with antipyretics.

Fontanelles Development

• Posterior fontanel closes by 6-8 weeks.
• Anterior fontanel closes by 18 months.

Red Reflex Examination

• An absent or white reflex can indicate retinoblastoma.

Giant Cell Arteritis

• Presents with headache, scalp tenderness, and vision issues; treated with long-term steroids for minimum 6 months to prevent blindness.

Cullen's Sign

• Indicates an umbilical hematoma suggesting intraperitoneal hemorrhage.

Turner’s Sign

• Flank ecchymosis indicating severe acute pancreatitis.

Syphilis Screening Tests

• RPR or VDRL used; if positive, confirm with FTA-ABS.

HPV Characteristics

• Associated with warts.

Trichomoniasis

• Identified by green, frothy discharge; diagnosis through wet smear demonstrating hyphae and spores; treated with metronidazole.

Bacterial Vaginosis

• Characterized by clue cells and fishy odor; treatment includes metronidazole.

Penile Lesions Treatment for Syphilis

• Treated with penicillin.

Gonorrhea Treatment

• Managed with Rocephin 250 mg IM and Azithromycin 1G PO (to co-treat chlamydia).

Chlamydia Treatment

• Typically treated with Azithromycin.