PG90-92 Cohabitation and the Likelihood of Divorce

What was the focus of Caroline Gattrell's research in 'Hard Labour: The Sociology of Parenthood'?

The benefits of cohabitation over marriage
The experiences of parents trying to balance parenthood with paid work (correct)
The impact of divorce on children's mental health
The reasons why some mothers choose not to work

What was a common difficulty faced by the women in the study after giving birth?

Returning to demanding jobs soon after childbirth (correct)
Deciding to become stay-at-home mothers
Experiencing no discrimination at the workplace
Having extensive social support from family

According to Gattrell's research, why did most of the women want to continue working?

Commitment to their work and self-identity (correct)
Necessity due to financial constraints
Pressure from their partners
Lack of interest in staying at home with children

How did the struggle to balance work and parenthood impact the women's relationships?

Put strain on the relationship due to lack of time for partners (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge faced by new parents according to Gattrell's research?

Feeling unprepared for the changes in their lives (A) Signup and view all the answers

What kind of discrimination did almost all mothers face at work due to motherhood?

Discrimination related to being mothers (C) Signup and view all the answers

What impact does increasing life expectancy in modern societies have on marriages?

It places greater strain on relationships and increases the chances of divorce. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between romantic love and confluent love in a marriage?

Romantic love is unconditional, but if one partner 'falls out of love' there is nothing to hold the marriage together, while in confluent love, it is not unconditional. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why do people who divorce often remarry according to the text?

Because they seek personal happiness and fulfillment. (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are divorcees unhappy with, according to the text?

The person they married. (B) Signup and view all the answers

What ultimately leads to divorce, as per the text?

Unfulfilled expectations in the marriage. (D) Signup and view all the answers

How are contemporary ideas about marriage influenced, according to the text?

By romantic identity (individualism). (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason for the overall decline in marriage rates in modern industrial societies?

The growing number of people choosing not to marry at all (A) Signup and view all the answers

What was the main cause of the 'baby boom' and subsequent increase in marriages in the 1950s and 1970s-80s?

Delayed family formation during the Second World War (B) Signup and view all the answers

How has the rise in cohabitation as an alternative to marriage affected marriage statistics?

It has resulted in more people delaying marriage until later in life (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between female financial, career and personal independence and the declining marriage rates?

Greater independence has made marriage less of a necessity and more of a 'lifestyle choice' for women (D) Signup and view all the answers

How has secularization affected the significance and meaning of marriage in modern societies?

It has reduced the stigma associated with having children outside of marriage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the rise in serial monogamy (having multiple marriage partners over a lifetime)?

The declining stigma attached to divorce in modern societies (B) Signup and view all the answers

How has the aging population in industrial societies affected marriage statistics?

It has led to a decline in the number of people in the marriageable age range (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary demographic explanation for the fluctuations in marriage rates over the past few decades?

All of the above demographic factors contributed to the changes in marriage rates (D) Signup and view all the answers

How has the increased risk-assessment behavior of individuals in postmodern societies affected marriage trends?

It has caused people to be more cautious about entering into marriage (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between remarriages and the overall marriage rate in modern industrial societies?

Remarriages peaked in the 1980s and have since slowly declined, but as a percentage of all marriages, remarriage has doubled in the past 50 years (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the causes of the increase in cohabitation mentioned in the text?

The reduced stigma attached to living together without marriage (B) Signup and view all the answers

Why might some individuals engage in serial cohabitation according to Smart and Stevens (2000)?

To prove that they are suitable for marriage (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is referred to as an empty shell marriage in the text?

A marriage where the couple continues to live together despite the relationship being effectively over (D) Signup and view all the answers

What trend has been observed in divorce rates since the turn of the 21st century?

A gradual decline in divorce rates (A) Signup and view all the answers

How has the age of divorced individuals changed over time?

Divorced people are now older compared to before (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factor has significantly influenced patterns of divorce according to the text?

Secularisation and changing views on marriage (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was a requirement for divorce before the 1969 Divorce Reform Act in the UK?

'Finding fault' such as adultery with the partner (A) Signup and view all the answers

What impact do changes to divorce rules have on divorce rates according to the text?

'Each time divorce is made easier or cheaper, the number of divorces increases' (D) Signup and view all the answers

What does secularisation refer to in the context of marriage and divorce?

'Many couples no longer regard marriage as a 'sacred institution'' (A) Signup and view all the answers

'Re-divorces' doubling since 1981 reflects what trend according to the text?

'Re-divorces' showing an increase in remarriages after divorces (B) Signup and view all the answers