ch3
54 Questions
5 Views

ch3

Created by
@BrightestBoston2440

Podcast Beta

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What allowed neuroscientists to establish large-scale correlations between cognitive functioning and specific brain areas?

  • Lesion studies
  • Staining techniques
  • Single-cell recordings
  • Neuroimaging techniques such as PET and fMRI (correct)

    • What is one of the earliest methods of studying functional specialization in the brain?

  • Staining techniques
  • Lesion studies (correct)
  • Neuroimaging techniques
  • Single-cell recordings

    • What did Korbinian Brodmann identify in 1909 using staining techniques?

  • The correlation between cognitive functioning and brain areas
  • 52 different cortical regions (correct)
  • The effects of destruction of brain tissue
  • The function of the frontal lobe

    • What was the outcome of Phineas Gage's frontal lobe damage?

    <p>He recovered to a large extent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the study of brain function at the level of the single neuron?

    <p>Single-cell recordings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the effect of the stroke on the man mentioned in the text?

    <p>He lost his ability to laugh</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary limitation of anatomical wiring diagrams?

    <p>They do not carry information about the direction of information flow between neural regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of injecting a marker chemical into a particular brain region?

    <p>To explore anatomical connectivity and identify where cells project to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary index of activity in neurons?

    <p>Electrical activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the entry of positively charged ions during an action potential?

    <p>The inside of the cell becomes positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of sodium-potassium pumps in neurons?

    <p>To pump Na+ out and K+ in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between resting membrane potential and action potential?

    <p>Resting membrane potential is negative, while action potential is positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary way neurons represent intensity?

    <p>By their rate of firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of tract tracing in studying anatomical connectivity?

    <p>It requires examining sections of the cortex through a microscope</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary technique used to study anatomical connectivity in vivo?

    <p>Diffusion tractography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of potassium channels during an action potential?

    <p>To bring the membrane potential back to its resting value</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of single-cell recordings in the context of neuroscience?

    <p>To identify neurons that respond to specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between EEG and MEG techniques?

    <p>MEG is less susceptible to distortions from the skull than EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the frequency range of gamma waves in the brain?

    <p>26-42+ Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)?

    <p>To treat major depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of an electroencephalogram (EEG)?

    <p>To amplify and record the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) compared to ECT?

    <p>It is safer and has fewer side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between alpha and theta waves?

    <p>Alpha waves are synchronous waves of 7.5 to 13 Hz, while theta waves are synchronous waves of 3.5 to 7.5 Hz</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a PET scan?

    <p>To visualize brain structure and activity during a specific task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of optogenetics?

    <p>To manipulate specific neurons in the brain to study their function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of MEG over EEG?

    <p>MEG is less susceptible to distortions from the skull than EEG</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential consequence of prolonged and excessive use of ECT?

    <p>Long-lasting impairments in memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the neurosurgical procedure that involves placement of a neurostimulator and implanted electrodes?

    <p>Deep brain stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a CT scan?

    <p>To visualize brain structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of delta waves?

    <p>Low frequency, high amplitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of using light to switch on the neurons for vertical stripes in the optogenetics experiment?

    <p>Mice responded as if they were seeing vertical stripes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of event-related potentials (ERPs)?

    <p>To provide a way of measuring the response to specific stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of combining neuroimaging techniques?

    <p>To gain a more comprehensive perspective on brain function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the limitation of fMRI and PET neuroimaging techniques?

    <p>They are not good at telling us about effective connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using optogenetics in the study of memory?

    <p>To study the neural networks associated with specific memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using EEG over fMRI and PET?

    <p>It provides information about the precise sequence of events</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of increasing voxel size in neuroimaging?

    <p>It increases the range of different types of brain tissue occurring in each voxel</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using paired-subtraction paradigm in PET experiments?

    <p>To reveal information about stages of lexical processing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main advantage of network neuroscience compared to traditional localizationist research?

    <p>It can be done when people are not engaged in a particular task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of network neuroscience in diagnosing and treating psychological disorders?

    <p>It can be used to identify patients who are unlikely to respond to psychotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential advantage of using network neuroscience to understand the effects of deep brain stimulation?

    <p>It can help scientists determine the circuits that deep brain stimulation is acting upon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using network neuroscience to study brain function in individuals with schizophrenia?

    <p>It can help scientists understand how different brain regions work together</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential application of network neuroscience in treating disorders like Parkinson's?

    <p>It can help scientists access regions buried in the brain through areas closer to the surface</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential benefit of using network neuroscience to study brain function in individuals with tumors?

    <p>It can help scientists identify the circuits that are affected by the tumor</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of using radioactive isotopes in brain imaging?

    <p>Cost and radioactivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does fMRI measure in brain activity?

    <p>Changes in blood oxygen levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique that uses a diamond-tipped knife to slice through brain tissue?

    <p>Knife-Edge Scanning Microscope (KESM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using rTMS in depression treatment?

    <p>To reduce symptoms of depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the difference in magnetic response between oxygenated and deoxygenated blood?

    <p>Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) contrast</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the region of the brain associated with memory and places?

    <p>Parahippocampus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the technique that uses a coil to stimulate neural activity?

    <p>Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of using event-related fMRI?

    <p>To study neural activity during specific tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the pioneering researcher who mapped the body in the brain?

    <p>Penfield</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of fMRI over PET scans?

    <p>Lower cost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    The Turn to the Brain in Cognitive Science

    • Early models of cognitive functions focused on top-down analysis with little discussion of neural implementation
    • Neuroimaging techniques (e.g., PET and fMRI) allowed for correlations between cognitive functioning and specific brain areas
    • Other techniques (e.g., single-cell recordings) enabled the study of brain activity in nonhuman animals at the level of the single neuron

    Methods for Studying Functional Specialization in Brain

    • Lesion studies: examining the effects of destruction of brain tissue through stroke, accident, or surgery
      • Examples: Phineas Gage, the man who died laughing

    Early Research on Structure and Function of the Brain

    • The cerebral cortex is divided into segregated areas with distinct neuronal populations
    • Brodmann identified 52 different cortical regions using staining techniques in 1909
    • Single-cell recordings:
      • Placing a microelectrode close to an individual neuron to record the discharge of action potentials
      • Examples: mirror neurons that respond to specific stimuli

    Measuring the Electrical Activity of Populations of Neurons

    • Electroencephalogram (EEG): attaching electrodes to the skull to record waves of electrical activity
      • Provides amplified recording of electrical activity on the brain's surface
      • Useful for diagnosing epilepsy and tumors
      • Measures event-related potentials (ERPs) in response to specific stimuli
    • Magnetoencephalography (MEG): measuring magnetic fields created by brain's electrical activity
      • Allows for finer spatial resolution than EEG
      • Currently used in medical diagnosis

    Types of Brain Waves

    • Gamma waves: high-frequency waves (26-42+ Hz) associated with active information exchange between brain areas
    • Beta waves: irregular, low-amplitude waves (12-25 Hz) associated with arousal or alertness
    • Alpha waves: synchronous waves (7.5-13 Hz) associated with a relaxed awake state
    • Theta waves: synchronous waves (3.5-7.5 Hz) associated with transition between sleep and wakefulness
    • Delta waves: low-frequency, high-amplitude waves (< 4 Hz) associated with deep sleep and loss of consciousness

    Neuroimaging Techniques

    • Computed Tomography (CT) or CAT Scan: combines x-ray photographs to create a composite representation of the brain
    • Positron Emission Tomography (PET) Scan: displays brain activity during specific tasks
      • Shows where a radioactive form of glucose goes while performing a task

    Exploring Anatomical Connectivity

    • Tract tracing: using marker chemicals to explore anatomical connectivity
      • Injecting a marker chemical into a brain region to identify where it projects to
      • Limited to studying anatomical connectivity independently of cognitive functioning

    Mapping the Brain's Electrical Activity

    • Cognitive functioning involves the coordinated activity of networks of different brain areas
    • Techniques for studying electrical activity: EEG, MEG, etc.

    Communication within a Neuron: Electrical Transmission

    • Resting membrane potential: -70mV due to ion concentration differences
    • Action potential: brief electrical impulse that provides the basis for conduction of information along an axon
    • Sodium channels open, causing a rapid influx of Na+ ions, followed by potassium channels opening to bring the membrane potential back to resting state

    Network Neuroscience

    • Studying networks or functional connectivity, rather than just brain regions themselves
    • Applications: understanding schizophrenia, diagnosing PTSD, developing new treatments

    Other Important Topics

    • Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT): a treatment for major depression
    • Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): a non-invasive brain stimulation technique
    • Deep brain stimulation: a neurosurgical procedure for treating depression and other disorders
    • Optogenetics: using light to control specific neurons in the brain

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the shift in cognitive science from top-down analysis to neural implementation, enabled by neuroimaging techniques like PET and fMRI. Learn how these techniques have established correlations between cognitive functions and specific brain areas.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser