Cognitive Psychology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes Ebbinghaus's contribution to the study of memory?

Proving that massed practice is more effective than distributed practice for memory retention.
Discovering that frequent repetitions weaken mental associations.
Demonstrating that distributing learning trials enhances memorization. (correct)
Emphasizing the importance of real-world applications in memory research.

Galton's work primarily focused on operant conditioning and learning curves.

False (B)

According to Bartlett, what is an important consideration for cognitive research to ensure it is impactful?

relevance to the real world

Alan Turing's "Colossus" computer played a vital role in breaking the German _______ codes during World War II.

Enigma Signup and view all the answers

Match the researcher with their primary area of investigation:

Galton = Mental Imagery Thorndike = Learning Theory (laws of learning) Ebbinghaus = Memory (of nonsense syllables) Broadbent = Selective Auditory Attention Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the primary focus of Applied Cognitive Psychology?

Understanding cognitive processes as they occur in real-world situations. (B) Signup and view all the answers

Early cognitive psychologists primarily focused on solving real-life problems before establishing basic theories.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Name one methodology used within the field of Applied Cognitive Psychology.

Experimentation Signup and view all the answers

Applied Cognitive Psychology relies on methods, findings, and theories from __________ science to understand cognitive processes.

cognitive Signup and view all the answers

Which field is NOT explicitly mentioned as an application of Applied Cognitive Psychology?

Theoretical Physics (C) Signup and view all the answers

Match the application area with the cognitive process it primarily addresses:

Improving the attention skills of shift workers = Attention Improving eye-witness recall = Memory Improving sports performance = Decision making Human-computer interaction = Perception Signup and view all the answers

Wilhelm Wundt's primary method of studying the mind involved directly measuring brain activity with modern neuroimaging tools.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

What was Wilhelm Wundt primarily interested in studying?

The structure of the human mind (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following properties is NOT a characteristic of the modularity of mind, as proposed by Jerry Fodor?

Unlimited central accessibility (D) Signup and view all the answers

Donald Norman's work primarily focuses on theoretical cognitive models without practical applications.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Briefly explain why children's ability to produce novel sentences poses a challenge to reinforcement-based theories of language acquisition.

Children can produce sentences they have never heard before, which suggests that language acquisition is not solely based on reinforcement but involves a cognitive algorithmic structure. Signup and view all the answers

Ensuring that AI systems do not perpetuate biases that exist in human cognition or society is an ethical consideration related to avoiding ______.

bias Signup and view all the answers

Match the research method with its description.

Laboratory experiments = Controlled studies to isolate and manipulate variables. Psychobiological research = Examining the relationship between physiological processes and cognitive functions. Self-reports = Gathering data through participants' subjective accounts and introspection. Naturalistic observation = Observing behavior in real-world settings without manipulation. Signup and view all the answers

Dichotic listening experiments primarily demonstrated which aspect of human cognition?

The specific limitations of human attention. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The information processing paradigm in psychology draws an analogy between the human mind and software, suggesting that thinking can be understood as algorithmic manipulation of information.

True (A) Signup and view all the answers

What practical application arose from understanding the cognitive capabilities and limitations of human operators, particularly in relation to human-machine interaction?

Human factors psychology Signup and view all the answers

_______ was developed as a mathematical technique for radar systems and later applied to the analysis of human performance in perception tasks.

Signal detection theory Signup and view all the answers

According to behaviorists, what should be the primary focus of psychological study?

Observable behavior. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Behaviorism could comprehensively account for all aspects of human experience, particularly unobservable mental processes.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Match the following influences with their impact on the development of cognitive psychology:

World Wars = Led to research on human-machine interaction and understanding cognitive limits of human operators. Signal Detection Theory = Provided a framework for analyzing human performance in perception tasks. Computer Analogy = Supported the idea that thinking involves algorithmic manipulation of information. Signup and view all the answers

How did the cognitive revolution contrast with behaviorism?

By integrating mentalistic concepts to explain behavioral data. (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best represents the central argument against behaviorism during the Cognitive Revolution?

Behaviorism could not adequately explain complex phenomena like language acquisition and internal mental processes. (D) Signup and view all the answers

The Cognitive Revolution emphasized that mental events should be excluded from the study of psychology to maintain scientific objectivity.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

According to the presentation materials, what event is considered the 'birth' of the cognitive revolution?

Meeting of the 'Special Interest Group in Information Theory' at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on September 11, 1956 Signup and view all the answers

The development of ________, championed by figures like Newell and Simon, was a significant aspect of the Cognitive Revolution.

artificial intelligence Signup and view all the answers

Match the following disciplines with their contributions to the Cognitive Revolution:

Artificial Intelligence = Development of computational models of cognition Linguistics = Insights into the structure and complexity of language Neuropsychology = Understanding the neural basis of cognitive functions Computer Science = Tools and frameworks for simulating cognitive processes Signup and view all the answers

What was G.A. Miller's primary contribution to the Cognitive Revolution?

Proposing that short-term memory has a limited capacity (7 +/- 2 items). (A) Signup and view all the answers

The Alfred P. Sloan Foundation played no role in promoting communication between different scientific disciplines during the Cognitive Revolution.

False (B) Signup and view all the answers

Provide an example, other than language, of a mental event studied during the cognitive revolution.

memory Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Galton's Contribution

Showed that psychology could be a valid experimental science by measuring reaction times to stimuli.

Galton's Mental Imagery

Investigated mental imagery using questionnaires to assess clarity, definition and colouring.