Cognitive Psychology Session 7 Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?

  • Social interactions and relationships
  • Behavioral responses to stimuli
  • Emotional reactions and feelings
  • Computation and information processing (correct)

Which critique did Chomsky make against behaviorism?

  • Insufficient empirical data on motor learning
  • Lack of attention to emotional aspects
  • Overemphasis on computational models
  • Poverty of the stimulus argument in language (correct)

Who introduced information-processing principles to the study of attention?

  • Miller (correct)
  • Neisser
  • Spear
  • Lashley

What aspect of psychology began to receive increased attention at the end of the 20th century?

<p>Affect and emotional aspects (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lashley critique in behaviorism?

<p>Its empirical basis and applicability to motor learning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event marked the beginning of cognitive psychology as a field?

<p>The Hixon Symposium in 1948 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following individuals is known for significant contributions to the field of neurophysiology at the Hixon Symposium?

<p>Karl Lashley (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Hixon Symposium participants view behavioral theories?

<p>They criticized them (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the paper published by Karl Lashley in 1951?

<p>To investigate the effects of cortical lesions on trained rats (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did the Hixon Symposium propose is analogous between the mind and machines?

<p>Information processing and logical devices (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the simplified models of the brain used in neural networks?

<p>Units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual at the Hixon Symposium contributed to the field of mathematics and computer science?

<p>Warren McCulloch (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In neural networks, what do weights measure?

<p>The strength of connections (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major theme was emphasized during the cognitive revolution?

<p>The processing of information in the mind (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following skills have neural network experiments demonstrated an ability to learn?

<p>Face recognition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective is not typically associated with cognitive psychology?

<p>Behaviorist perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Connectionism offer as an alternative to?

<p>Innate grammatical principles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who expressed dissatisfaction with strict behaviorism, leading to the creation of the Center for Cognitive Studies?

<p>George Miller (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the original name of the group at Bow Street formed by Jerome Bruner's team?

<p>Cognition Project (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Chomsky argue about the role of reinforcement in language learning?

<p>Language learning does not depend significantly on reinforcement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of psychology did George Miller emphasize was affected by the cognitive counter-revolution?

<p>Experimental psychology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

At what age do children typically demonstrate an almost limitless capacity to understand and produce novel sentences?

<p>By the age of four or five. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What approach did experimentalists in the US strongly support during the time of the cognitive counter-revolution?

<p>Behaviorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key feature of Chomsky's more recent views on grammar?

<p>Computational recursion is the only feature of grammar. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Connectionism seek to explain?

<p>Intellectual abilities using artificial neural networks. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is associated with Chomsky's theory of Universal Grammar?

<p>Grammar principles are uniform across all languages. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the statement about children not needing explicit teaching imply about language acquisition?

<p>Language learning may be governed by innate structures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Chomsky's argument about behaviorism indicate regarding language learning?

<p>Behaviorism fails to account for the complexity of language acquisition. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of language does Connectionism specifically utilize?

<p>Artificial neural networks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Claude Shannon primarily focus on in his work?

<p>The mathematical definition of information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect did Allen Newell contribute to artificial intelligence?

<p>General problem solver programs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Marvin Minsky best known for in the field of artificial intelligence?

<p>Exploring artificial neural networks (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What critique did Noam Chomsky present against behaviorism?

<p>It fails to account for rapid language acquisition in children. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept did Chomsky propose related to language learning?

<p>Universal Grammar (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What phenomenon relates to children's rapid acquisition of language?

<p>Lexical explosion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following researchers emphasized the role of biological neural networks in computer systems?

<p>Marvin Minsky (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is most relevant to Herbert Simon's contributions?

<p>He worked on problem-solving systems for computers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Marr's three-level view of information processing systems emphasize?

<p>Neural activity implementation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major assertion did the cognitive revolution introduce regarding cognition?

<p>Cognition is a form of computation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has been observed about the field of cognitive science over time?

<p>It has been largely subsumed by cognitive psychology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to historical perspectives, how are psychology's revolutions characterized?

<p>They represent continuous progress without revolutionary changes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive science's evolution raises concerns about its future?

<p>Absence of curricular consensus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main critique regarding the narrative of revolutions in experimental psychology?

<p>It simplifies the evolution of ideas to mere periods of stability (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the cognitive revolution in psychology?

<p>Recognition of cognition as a computational process (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is understood about the relationship between cognitive science and psychology based on recent findings?

<p>Psychology has dominated the field of cognitive science in recent years (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Claude Shannon

A pioneer in information theory, he mathematically defined information and how it can be transmitted over limited channels with low error probability.

Information Theory

A field that mathematically defines information and explores its transmission over noisy channels, focusing on minimizing errors.

General Problem Solver

A computer program designed by Allen Newell and Herbert Simon to solve simple problems using logical steps, like the Tower of Hanoi puzzle.

Artificial Neural Networks

Computing systems inspired by biological neural networks in animal brains, used for tasks like image recognition and language processing.

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Marvin Minsky

A leading figure in artificial intelligence who studied artificial neural networks, aiming to create machines that can learn and think like humans.

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Universal Grammar

Noam Chomsky's theory that all human languages share an underlying structure, suggesting an innate ability for language acquisition.

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Lexical Explosion

The rapid growth of a child's vocabulary during language acquisition, suggesting an innate ability to learn language quickly.

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Hixon Symposium

A 1948 symposium that marked the beginning of cognitive psychology, where scientists compared the mind to machines and information-processing devices, criticizing behavioral theories.

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Behaviorism and Language Learning

Chomsky challenged the idea that language learning is solely based on reinforcement and imitation, arguing that innate factors play a crucial role.

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Cognitive Psychology

A branch of psychology that studies mental processes like perception, memory, attention, language, reasoning, and problem-solving.

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Nativist Perspective

The view that some mental abilities are innate and genetically determined, rather than learned through experience.

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Associationist Perspective

The view that mental abilities are acquired through learning and associations between experiences.

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Cognitive Revolution

A shift in the 1950s and 1960s in psychology from behaviorism to a focus on mental processes.

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Cognitive Science

An interdisciplinary field that studies the mind and its processes, including psychology, computer science, neuroscience, linguistics, and philosophy.

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Karl Lashley

A zoologist and psychologist who studied the effects of brain lesions on learning in rats, challenging behaviorism's focus on simple stimulus-response relationships.

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Warren McCulloch

A neurophysiologist who contributed significantly to the development of cybernetics and the idea that brain function can be modeled by information processing.

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Computational Recursion

A single, fundamental feature of language that enables the creation of complex sentences by embedding clauses within each other. This is key to the limitless complexity of human language.

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What is Chomsky's argument against Behaviorism?

Chomsky argues that behaviorism cannot fully explain language acquisition because children can understand and create complex sentences that they have never heard before. He believes children have an innate understanding of language rules (Universal Grammar) that goes beyond simple reinforcement learning.

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Connectionism

A theory of cognition that uses artificial neural networks to model how the brain learns and processes information. It emphasizes distributed processing across interconnected units, similar to neurons in the brain.

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Parallel Distributed Processing

A core concept in connectionism, where information is processed simultaneously by many interconnected units, allowing for efficient learning and complex computations. It highlights the importance of distributed processing across a network.

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How does Connectionism differ from Chomsky's approach?

Connectionism emphasizes the role of learning from experience and the distributed processing of information within a network. It differs from Chomsky's emphasis on innate grammar rules and a single critical feature (recursion) for language acquisition.

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Computational Models

Representations of mental processes using mathematical and logical structures, like algorithms or connectionist networks.

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Lashley's Critique of Behaviorism

Challenged behaviorism by emphasizing the importance of biological factors and brain structures in learning and memory.

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Chomsky's Critique of Behaviorism

Argued that language acquisition is innate and not solely learned through reinforcement, introducing the concept of universal grammar.

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Neural Network

A simplified model of the brain made up of units (like neurons) connected by weights (representing connection strength).

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Weights

Numbers that represent the strength of connections between units in a neural network.

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Innate Grammatical Principles

The idea that humans have an innate understanding of language rules, independent of experience.

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Cognitive Counter-Revolution

A shift in psychology that brought the study of mental processes back into focus after the dominance of behaviorism.

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Behaviorism

A theory of learning that focuses solely on observable behaviors, ignoring mental processes.

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Psychophysics

The study of the relationship between physical stimuli and their perception.

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Social Psychology

The study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by social factors.

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Computational Level

This level of understanding focuses on what a system does, explaining its function and the information it processes.

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Implementational Level

This level deals with the physical implementation, describing how a system is realized in the real world, usually through physical components.

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Three Level View of Information Processing

This view, proposed by David Marr, suggests we understand information processing systems at three levels: computational, algorithmic, and implementational.

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Kuhnian Revolution

A sudden and transformative period that disrupts an existing scientific paradigm and replaces it with a new one.

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Cognitive Paradigm

A dominant approach within cognitive science that focuses on the study of internal mental processes, information processing, and knowledge representation.

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Is the 'Cognitive Revolution' a myth?

Some argue that the cognitive revolution wasn't a sudden revolution but rather a continuous progression of change in psychology.

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Study Notes

Cognitive Psychology Session 7 Overview

  • The session covered the history of cognitive psychology, focusing on key figures, ideas, perspectives, and the "cognitive revolution"
  • Learning objectives included identifying key figures and ideas leading to cognitive psychology's emergence, discussing tensions between nativist and associationist perspectives, and exploring the impact of the "cognitive revolution."
  • The 1948 Hixon Symposium is a landmark event, marking a period focused on parallels between the mind and machines and drawing critiques to behavioral theories
  • Key figures from the 1948 Hixon Symposium include Karl Lashley (zoologist/psychologist), Warren McCulloch (neurophysiologist), and John von Neumann (mathematician)
  • 1956 Dartmouth Workshop is considered a seminal event in artificial intelligence and cognitive psychology. Key figures included Claude Shannon, Allen Newell, Herbert Simon, Marvin Minsky and Oliver Selfridge.
  • Noam Chomsky's work on the innate nature of language and Universal Grammar impacted behaviorist theory
  • Cognitive psychology was influenced by information-processing diagrams, which depicted mental processes as boxes and arrows representing information flow. Broadbent's filter model of attention exemplifies this.
  • The Harvard Center for Cognitive Studies (1960) played a critical role in the cognitive revolution, championed by figures such as George Miller and Jerome Bruner.
  • Early work by George Miller explored memory capacity with his famous "7 plus or minus 2" finding
  • Connectionism, also known as parallel distributed processing, represented a significant alternative to the prevailing models.
  • Marr's levels of analysis (computational, algorithmic, and implementational) provided a framework for understanding information processing
  • The evolution of the field of cognitive science and important texts about the cognitive revolution by Howard Gardner were discussed.
  • The session concluded by questioning topics in the history and future of psychology that were omitted
  • A study of the prevalence of different schools of thought in psychology (as shown in journal articles in PsycINFO) and the impact of these historical factors over time was presented.

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History of Psychology: Cognitive Psychology PDF

Description

Explore the key figures and events that shaped cognitive psychology in Session 7. This quiz covers the cognitive revolution, significant symposiums, and the debate between nativist and associationist perspectives. Dive into the contributions of influential thinkers like Noam Chomsky and the impact of major workshops in the field.

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