Cognitive Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

Which type of memory has the slowest access and decay rate?

  • Episodic memory
  • Short-term memory
  • Long-term memory (correct)
  • Sensory memory

    • What is the primary function of episodic memory?

  • It helps in rapid recall of sensory inputs.
  • It serves as a repository for procedural knowledge.
  • It retains serial memory of personal experiences. (correct)
  • It organizes factual information.

    • Which statement accurately describes semantic memory?

  • It is primarily based on procedural knowledge.
  • It includes structured knowledge of facts and concepts. (correct)
  • It is derived from sensory inputs and short-term memory.
  • It decays rapidly compared to other memory types.

    • What type of interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of previously learned information?

    <p>Retroactive interference</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of memory models, what best defines 'production rules'?

    <p>Procedural knowledge represented as condition/action rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor optimizes the distribution of practice effect in learning?

    <p>Spreading learning activities over an extended period.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of skilled activity in skill acquisition?

    <p>Chunking for effective information structuring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reasoning generalizes from observed cases to unobserved cases?

    <p>Inductive reasoning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What psychological effect does positive affect have on problem-solving?

    <p>It enhances creative problem-solving</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which theory is emotion defined as an interpretation of physiological responses to stimuli?

    <p>James-Lange theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are 'slips' in the context of errors?

    <p>Intended actions that are executed incorrectly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes abductive reasoning?

    <p>It involves reasoning from events to their potential causes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the central concept of problem space theory in problem-solving?

    <p>Generating states using legal operators within a problem framework</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a defining aspect of deductive reasoning?

    <p>It derives conclusions from premises through logical necessity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can negative affect influence task performance?

    <p>It can hinder the ability to perform even simple tasks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does Daniela Rus believe Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) will play in the future?

    <p>It will enhance the collaboration between humans and machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) defined in relation to user experience?

    <p>HCI is the foundational study that influences User Experience (UX) design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the significant reasons for the importance of HCI in today's technology?

    <p>It has led to the development of a variety of advanced technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the discipline of HCI intend to serve users better?

    <p>By studying and designing interfaces for better user interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What perspective is highlighted by Daniel Jackson regarding HCI?

    <p>There has been an insensitivity to users in software design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which area has HCI shown significant influence as noted in the content?

    <p>Transportation technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the definition of HCI considered to be broad?

    <p>It encompasses almost all forms of Information Technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the content suggest about the relationship between users and technology?

    <p>There is a constant evolution in how users interact with technology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What futuristic technologies does HCI contribute to, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Virtual reality and touch screen technologies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of user interaction does HCI prioritize according to its definition?

    <p>The ease of interaction between humans and machines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What sensation do Dexta haptic gloves NOT mimic?

    <p>Temperature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of pre-touch sensing in smartphones?

    <p>To predict user actions based on finger proximity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What capability does PaperID technology aim to provide to traditional paper?

    <p>To enable gesture recognition and internet connectivity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the eye is responsible for color vision?

    <p>Cones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of visual perception does 'visual angle' relate to?

    <p>Perception of depth and distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What memory type is influenced by emotion according to the information provided?

    <p>Long-term memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'visual acuity'?

    <p>The sharpness of perception of detail</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cells in the retina detect patterns and movement?

    <p>Ganglion cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a stage in visual processing?

    <p>Chemical transformation of stimulus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily influences human capabilities in learning and skill application?

    <p>Emotional factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is size constancy in visual perception?

    <p>The ability to perceive familiar objects as constant in size despite changes in distance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor primarily affects brightness perception?

    <p>The luminance or intensity of light</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the components of color as described in the content?

    <p>Hue, intensity, and saturation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the visual system interpret changes in luminance?

    <p>Through compensatory mechanisms in context and motion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the auditory system is responsible for amplifying sound?

    <p>Outer ear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'timbre' refer to in auditory perception?

    <p>The quality or type of sound</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do saccades play in visual perception?

    <p>They are rapid movements of the eye between fixation points</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptors in the skin is responsible for sensing temperature changes?

    <p>Thermoreceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of semantics in the interpretation of visual patterns?

    <p>The meaning and implications of the content</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phenomenon illustrates an optical illusion due to over-compression?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Recognition

    • Information is recognized as previously seen
    • Less complex than processing and applying information

    Reasoning

    • Deductive reasoning derives conclusions from given premises
    • Inductive reasoning generalizes from observed cases to unseen ones
    • Abductive reasoning reasons from an event to its cause

    Problem Solving

    • Finds solutions for unfamiliar tasks
    • Gestalt theory suggests problems are solved through productive and reproductive thinking
    • Problem space theory involves generating states using legal operators

    Skill Acquisition

    • Skilled activity is characterized by chunking
    • Conceptual grouping of problems rather than superficial
    • Information is structured more effectively

    Errors

    • Slips are right intention, but failed execution
    • Mistakes are wrong intention, misinterpretation

    Emotion

    • Involves cognitive and physical response to stimuli
    • Biological response to physical stimuli is called affect
    • Influences how we respond to situations
    • Positive affect encourages creative problem-solving
    • Negative affect leads to narrow thinking

    Various Theories of Emotion

    • James-Lange: Emotion is the interpretation of a physiological response
    • Cannon: Emotion is a direct physiological response to a stimuli
    • Schacter-Singer: Emotion is a result of evaluating a physiological response in the context of a situation

    Human-Computer Interaction (HCI)

    • Study of designing computers to best serve users
    • Focus on understanding user needs and behaviors
    • Encompasses all forms of information technology
    • Closely related to User Experience (UX) design

    Why HCI Matters

    • Helps create inventions like virtual reality, self-driving cars, and touch screen technology
    • Aims to make technology accessible and user-friendly

    Future of HCI

    • Dexta haptic gloves create tactile sensations in virtual reality
    • Pre-touch sensing anticipates user actions on smartphones
    • PaperID digitizes paper by making it touchscreen-sensitive

    The Human

    • Information input/output through visual, auditory, haptic, and movement
    • Information stored in sensory, short-term, and long-term memory
    • Information processed and applied through reasoning, problem-solving, skill acquisition, and error
    • Emotion influences abilities

    Vision

    • Two stages: physical reception and processing
    • Eye receives light and converts it to electrical energy
    • Retina contains rods for low light and cones for color vision
    • Ganglion cells detect patterns and movement

    Interpreting Visual Signal

    • Size and depth perceived through visual angle and acuity
    • Size constancy: familiar objects perceived as constant size regardless of distance
    • Brightness influenced by luminance and affects visual acuity
    • Color consists of hue, intensity, and saturation
    • 8% males and 1% females have color blindness
    • Visual system compensates for movement and changes in luminance
    • Context helps resolve ambiguity and optical illusions can occur

    Visual Input: Reading

    • Visual patterns are perceived and decoded using language representations
    • Syntax, semantics, and pragmatics are used for interpretation
    • Saccades and fixations are used to scan text

    Auditory Input: Hearing

    • Provides information about the environment
    • Physical apparatus: outer, middle, and inner ear
    • Sound attributes: pitch, loudness, and timbre
    • Humans hear frequencies from 20Hz to 15KHz
    • Auditory system filters sounds and attends to specific ones

    Haptic Input: Touch

    • Provides feedback about the environment
    • Receptors in the skin: thermoreceptors, nociceptors, and mechanoreceptors

    Movement Input

    • Reaction time + movement time = response time
    • Movement time depends on age, fitness, etc.
    • Reaction time varies based on stimulus type

    Sensory Memory

    • Temporary buffer for stimuli received by senses
    • Iconic memory: visual, echoic memory: aural, haptic memory: tactile

    Short-Term Memory

    • Scratch pad for temporary recall
    • Rapid access and decay

    Long-Term Memory

    • Repository for all knowledge
    • Slow access and decay
    • Huge/unlimited capacity

    Types of Long-Term Memory

    • Episodic: serial memory of events
    • Semantic: structured memory of facts, concepts, and skills

    Structure of Semantic Memory

    • Provides access to information
    • Represents relationships between information
    • Supports inference

    Semantic Network Model

    • Child nodes inherit properties from parent nodes
    • Explicit and precise relationships
    • Supports inference through inheritance

    Models of Long-Term Memory

    • Frames: information organized in data structures with slots and instantiated values
    • Scripts: models of stereotypical information for interpreting situations
    • Production rules: represent procedural knowledge using condition/action rules

    LTM - Storage of Information

    • Rehearsal moves information from short-term to long-term memory
    • Total time hypothesis: amount retained is proportional to rehearsal time
    • Distribution of practice effect: spreading learning over time optimizes retention

    LTM - Forgetting

    • Decay: gradual loss of information
    • Interference: new information replaces old (retroactive) or old interferes with new (proactive)

    LTM - Retrieval

    • Recall: information reproduced from memory, assisted by cues
    • Cues can be categories, imagery, etc.

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    HCI-Chapter-1-The-Human-and-The-Computer.pdf

    Description

    This quiz explores the key concepts in cognitive psychology, including recognition, reasoning, problem-solving, skill acquisition, and the role of emotion. Each section provides insights into how our cognitive processes drive our interactions with the world. Test your knowledge of these fundamental ideas and their implications.

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