Cognitive Psychology Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the first step in creating a strong internal representation of a video?

  • Link the stimuli to prior knowledge
  • Store the information for later recall
  • Access personal memory related to the video (correct)
  • Produce the right letter shapes to write it down

Which process is NOT involved in reporting what we remember?

  • Accessing what we recall
  • Transforming auditory input into visual input (correct)
  • Moving hands to produce letter shapes
  • Converting to a linguistic code

What is the primary focus of cognitive psychology?

  • The organization and coordination of mental processes (correct)
  • The behavior of individuals under stress
  • The historical evolution of psychological theories
  • The biological functions of the brain

How can cognitive research be applied in clinical psychology?

<p>To understand brain disorders like schizophrenia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which major topic in cognitive psychology involves understanding human thought processes?

<p>Thinking, reasoning, and problem solving (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes cognition?

<p>The acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which skill is NOT explicitly mentioned as a development skill in cognitive psychology?

<p>Emotional intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is Wilhelm Wundt known for in the field of psychology?

<p>Founding the first formal laboratory for psychological research (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When engaging in a lecture, which of the following cognitive tasks might you NOT be performing?

<p>Scrolling through social media (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cognitive psychology is true?

<p>Thinking and interpretation of the environment are part of cognition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of structuralism in psychology?

<p>The immediate experience of the mind's elements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method did Wundt use to study consciousness?

<p>Introspection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did William James contribute to the field of psychology?

<p>Introduced the concept of the 'stream of consciousness' (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the James-Lange theory of emotion, how do emotions arise?

<p>After physiological changes occur in response to an event (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes functionalism from structuralism?

<p>Functionalism emphasizes the operation of mental processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is considered the 'Father' of behaviorism?

<p>John Watson (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary subject matter of behaviorism?

<p>Observable behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept is associated with operant conditioning?

<p>Reinforcement and punishment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of operant conditioning?

<p>The influence of rewards and punishments on behavior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement?

<p>Avoiding an unpleasant outcome to encourage behavior (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key outcome of the Cognitive Revolution in the 1950s?

<p>The integration of artificial intelligence with cognitive psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which step is NOT part of the experimentation process in psychology?

<p>Collect qualitative data through observation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What limitation is associated with experiments conducted in laboratory settings?

<p>They often suffer from ecological validity. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of covert observation?

<p>Participants do not know they are being observed (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following disciplines is NOT part of Cognitive Science?

<p>Sociology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of structured observation in research?

<p>To collect quantitative data through a coding scheme (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an advantage of using coding schemes in research?

<p>They are simple to carry out and provide quantitative data. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant limitation of coding schemes?

<p>They can overlook important behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are researchers primarily aiming to achieve with case studies in cognitive neuropsychology?

<p>To understand how brain structure relates to cognitive processes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive neuropsychology, what is a double dissociation?

<p>Two patients showing contrasting performance on two tasks. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of data does unstructured observation primarily yield?

<p>Rich qualitative data. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which example demonstrates a single dissociation?

<p>A patient who can identify objects but fails to interact with them properly. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential drawback of unstructured observations?

<p>They can lead to biased interpretations based on noticeable behaviors. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is known for providing examples of dissociations in cognitive neuropsychology?

<p>Oliver Sacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Cognitive Psychology

The scientific study of mental processes such as thinking, learning, memory, and attention.

Cognition

The processes involved in acquiring, storing, transforming, and using knowledge.

Organization of Mental Processes

Cognitive psychology investigates how mental processes are organized and work together.

Cognition in Everyday Life

Cognitive processes are involved in every action we take, from simple tasks to complex thinking.

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Example of Cognition - Remembering a Video

Focusing on the mental activities involved in remembering and understanding a video and then writing about it.

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Internal Video Representation

The mental representation we create of a video, incorporating information about the subject, language, sounds, and visuals.

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Linking Stimuli to Prior Knowledge

The process of connecting new sensory input with existing knowledge stored in our memory.

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Process of Recalling and Reporting Information

The stages involved in recalling and expressing something you've learned, including storing information, retrieving relevant details, translating into language, and physically writing it down.

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Knowledge Acquisition and Use

The ability to acquire, store, transform, and use knowledge from experiences, essential for performing many everyday tasks.

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Operant Conditioning

A method of learning where behaviour is modified through rewards and punishments.

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Positive Reinforcement

Adding something desirable to increase a behaviour.

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Negative Reinforcement

Removing something unpleasant to increase a behaviour.

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Positive Punishment

Adding something unpleasant to decrease a behaviour.

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Negative Punishment

Removing something desirable to decrease a behaviour.

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Cognitive Revolution

A scientific approach to studying the mind that emphasizes the importance of internal mental processes.

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Experimental Cognitive Psychology

A controlled experiment on healthy individuals to study mental processes.

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Observation

A research method that involves observing participants in their natural environment.

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Structuralism

A school of psychology that focuses on analyzing the mind into its basic elements, like sensations and ideas.

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Introspection

The process of looking inward and observing one's own thoughts, feelings, and sensations.

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Functionalism

A school of psychology that emphasizes the purpose and function of the mind in adapting to the environment.

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Behaviorism

A psychological theory that focuses on observable behaviors and argues that mental events are irrelevant to the study of psychology.

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James-Lange Theory of Emotion

The theory that emotions arise from physiological changes in the body, rather than being the cause of them.

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Stimulus Error

An error in introspection where the participant describes the object of experience rather than the experience itself.

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Stream of Consciousness

A concept by William James describing the continuous flow of thoughts, feelings, and sensations that make up our conscious experience.

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Coding scheme

A structured way to categorize behaviors based on how often they occur, often using a checklist.

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Unstructured Observation

A type of observation that records all observed behaviors in detail, often using video recording.

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Case study

A research method that focuses on studying individuals with brain damage to understand how the brain relates to cognitive processes.

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Single Dissociation

An observation where a patient performs poorly on one task, but normally on another, suggesting different underlying cognitive processes.

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Double Dissociation

A type of observation where two patients show opposite patterns of performance on two tasks, providing stronger evidence for different underlying cognitive processes.

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Cognitive Modules

The ability of the brain to perform specific tasks or process information independently.

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Object Orientation

The ability to understand and use the orientation of objects in space.

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Visual Control of Actions

The ability to control and execute movements based on visual information.

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Study Notes

Module Outcomes and Aims

  • Introduce students to cognitive psychology theories, findings, and methods.
  • Enable students to describe key cognitive theories and research findings.
  • Equip students with analytical, communication, critical thinking, independent working, and research skills.

Cognitive Psychology

  • Investigates mental processes, organized and coordinated thinking, and knowledge.
  • Aims to understand how mental processes function.

Cognition

  • The mental process encompassing acquisition, storage, transformation, and use of knowledge.
  • This spans all species, but the focus will be on human cognition.

Example of Cognitive Processes

  • Watching a video and remembering involves internal representation creation, memory access, language use (auditory/visual), and linking knowledge.
  • Converting information into written form involves storing salient information, accessing recalled information, converting it to linguistic codes, and motor actions to write.

Major Topics in Cognitive Psychology

  • Perception
  • Attention
  • Memory
  • Language
  • Thinking
  • Reasoning
  • Problem Solving

Applications of Cognitive Research

  • Everyday Life: Law (eyewitness testimony), Computer Systems, Instruction, Clinical Psychology (understanding brain disorders), and Study Skills.

Implications for Other Fields

  • Clinical Sciences
  • Social Psychology
  • Economics

Wilhelm Wundt

  • Considered the "father of experimental psychology".
  • Founded the first psychology laboratory at the University of Leipzig (1879).
  • Established psychology as a separate scientific discipline.
  • Published the first journal for psychological research (1881).

Structuralism

  • Founded by Wundt.
  • Defined psychology as studying immediate experience.
  • Explores the structure of the mind through introspection (self-observation of mental contents).
  • Aims to identify the basic elements of consciousness.

Introspection

  • Wundt's method of self-observation.
  • Participants report their inner experiences (sensations, feelings, images).

William James

  • Pioneer in American psychology and philosophy.
  • President of the American Psychological Association.
  • Emphasized psychology as a functional science, focusing on the individual's active engagement with the environment.
  • Introduced the concept of "stream of consciousness".
  • Developed the James-Lange theory of emotions.

Functionalism

  • Emphasizes the function of consciousness rather than its structure.
  • Inspired by Darwin.
  • Focuses on how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment.
  • Proposed by William James; further developed by James Angell.

John B. Watson

  • "Father" of behaviorism.
  • Argued that studying mental processes is not scientifically valid.
  • Believed that psychology should focus only on observable behaviors.
  • Proposed that behavior is learned through conditioning.

Behaviorism

  • Focuses on observable behavior rather than internal mental states.
  • Learning occurs through associations between stimuli and responses.
  • Key figures include John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.

Operant Conditioning (B.F. Skinner)

  • Learning through rewards and punishments for behavior.
  • Associations are made between behavior and consequences.
  • Techniques like positive and negative reinforcement or punishment are used to modify behavior.

The Cognitive Revolution

  • Reacting against behaviorism.
  • Emphasized mental processes (perception, memory, language).
  • Interdisciplinary field, blending concepts from various other fields (psychology, linguistics, computer science).

Cognitive Science

  • Interdisciplinary investigation of mental processes.

Cognitive Neuroscience

  • Studies the neural basis of mental processes.
  • Uses brain imaging techniques (e.g., fMRI, ERP).

Experimentation

  • Key Steps: defining a problem, formulating a testable hypothesis, designing and conducting an experiment, analysing data, and concluding.
  • Cognitive psychology employs experiments, observations, and case studies.

Observation

  • A research method where the researcher observes participants in their natural settings.
  • Can be overt (participants know) or covert (participants are unaware).
  • Structured observation requires coding schemes for recording behaviours to gain quantitative data.

Case Studies

  • Useful in cognitive neuropsychology for studying atypical cognitive performance.
  • Investigates effects of brain damage; builds theories from cases of atypical cognitive conditions.
  • Looks at specific patterns of performance (intact and impaired).

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Cognitive Psychology Lecture Notes PDF

Description

This quiz explores the fundamental theories and findings of cognitive psychology, emphasizing mental processes and knowledge organization. Students will engage with core concepts such as cognition, memory, and information processing. Perfect for those looking to deepen their understanding of how we think and learn.

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