7) Attention II
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Questions and Answers

What percentage of Group A noticed their own name?

  • 65%
  • 20% (correct)
  • 40%
  • 10%

    • Which group was more likely to notice their name according to the own-name effect?

  • Participants with no working memory capacity
  • Participants with average working memory capacity
  • Participants with low working memory capacity (correct)
  • Participants with high working memory capacity

    • In the channel switching experiment, what was the primary reason participants repeated information from the unshadowed ear?

  • The message was more interesting
  • They were instructed to do so
  • They heard their own name
  • They became confused by the sudden incoherence (correct)

    • Why is it important to replicate research findings?

    <p>To ensure the original findings were accurate and reliable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a possible effect of low working memory capacity on attention?

    <p>More frequent attention slips to irrelevant channels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome when the prime and target are the same in the same location?

    <p>Reaction times are faster.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion was drawn about identification without attention from the actual results?

    <p>Identification is impossible without attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Kouider et al. (2014) demonstrate about participants during sleep?

    <p>Participants prepared responses to new words indicating they understood their meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Lavie's 1995 study suggest about the concepts of late and early selection?

    <p>Early and late selection processes can work together.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary design framework used in the discussed study?

    <p>2x2 design.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary assertion made about identification and attention?

    <p>Attention is necessary for identification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did researchers traditionally believe about the irrelevant channel in early selection models?

    <p>It is never attended during tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon was observed when participants reported words from the irrelevant ear?

    <p>Evidence of channel switching.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What evidence contradicts Early Selection theories according to the discussed findings?

    <p>Involuntary attention to stimuli was not controlled.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'own-name effect' refer to in the context of attention?

    <p>Involuntary attention to one's own name in an unattended channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor did Lachter et al. argue to be unaccounted for in previous experiments?

    <p>Slippage of attention between channels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of the instruction given to participants regarding the irrelevant and relevant channels?

    <p>Processing can occur in the irrelevant channel despite the instruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do early selection theories conceptualize the analysis of meaning in stimuli?

    <p>Attention is essential for analyzing meaning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do early selection theories assume about unattended stimuli?

    <p>They are attenuated and some information leaks through.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept illustrates how attentional resources may not always be focused on the relevant channel?

    <p>Slippage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the metaphor of 'spillover' refer to in the context of attentional resources?

    <p>The depletion of attentional resources leading to less focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory has renewed interest due to its implications for understanding attentional processes?

    <p>Load theory of attention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'leakage' in attentional filtering refer to?

    <p>Irrelevant information is partially processed and identified.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between 'slippage' and attentional focus?

    <p>Slippage suggests a failure to consistently focus on the intended stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does perceptual load theory relate to attention in cognitive psychology?

    <p>It posits that attentional resources are influenced by the demands of the task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key difference exists between Lachter's early selection theory and load theory?

    <p>Load theory considers resource allocation based on perceptual load.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of Dawson & Schell's 1982 study regarding skin conductance changes?

    <p>Skin conductance changes were found in subjects who sometimes attended to the irrelevant channel.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Lachter et al.'s hypothesis regarding identification without attention?

    <p>If slippage is excluded, there will be no identification without attention.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lachter et al. demonstrate that shifts of attention require time?

    <p>By presenting irrelevant stimuli in different locations very briefly.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In repetition priming, what effect does seeing a prime word have on responding to a target word?

    <p>It activates the concept in memory, making target identification easier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the unique aspect of Lachter et al.'s presentation of the prime in their repetition priming experiment?

    <p>The prime was presented in a different location from the target.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the duration for which the prime and target stimuli were presented in Lachter et al.'s study?

    <p>55 milliseconds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What conclusion can be drawn about attentional focus from the findings of Dawson & Schell's study?

    <p>Attentional resources can become divided even with attempts at focus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does repetition priming influence the perception of pseudo-words?

    <p>It allows participants to mistakenly classify pseudo-words as real words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the spillover effect indicate in perceptual processing?

    <p>Processing relevant stimuli can engage all available resources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Lavie & Cox (1997), what was observed during high perceptual load trials?

    <p>There was no compatibility effect observed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Lavie's argument differ from late selection theory?

    <p>It maintains that perceptual processing is capacity limited.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens during low perceptual load trials according to Lavie & Cox?

    <p>Attentional resources spill over to the flanking letters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'compatibility effect' refer to in Lavie & Cox's study?

    <p>When the target letter and the flanking letter match.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What main assumption is tested in Lavie's capacity limitations theory?

    <p>Only relevant stimuli can be identified under full resource consumption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements reflects the nature of Lavie's hybrid theory?

    <p>It is predominantly an early selection theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Lavie (1995), how does the processing of relevant stimuli affect irrelevant stimuli?

    <p>Processing relevant stimuli can prevent identification of irrelevant stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Cognitive Psychology 1: Attention II - Early and Late Selection

    • Early selection theories propose unattended stimuli are not identified.
    • Late selection theories assume unattended stimuli are identified and their meaning analyzed.
    • Evidence currently supports early selection.
    • However, sometimes, stimuli from the irrelevant channel are still identified.

    Reminder: Irrelevant vs. Relevant Channel

    • Irrelevant inputs (e.g., "The horses galloped across the field...") are processed differently from relevant inputs (e.g., "President Lincoln often read by the light of the fire...").
    • The distinction is based on instructions.

    Today's Learning Objectives

    • Compare leakage, slippage, and spillover in early selection.
    • Understand the renewed interest in early selection experiments.
    • Explain how perceptual load affects attention.
    • Evaluate differences between Lachter's early selection theory and load theory.

    Leakage

    • Treisman (1960, 1964) proposed that filters attenuate but don't block information from the irrelevant channel.
    • Information from the irrelevant channel can "leak" through the filter.
    • Attenuated information can activate long-term memory, leading to stimulus identification.

    Slippage and Spillover - Demonstration

    • Water represents attentional resources.
    • A small container represents the relevant channel.
    • A large container represents the irrelevant channel.
    • The goal is to precisely pour water into the small container.

    Slippage - Demonstration

    • A demonstration of how attention can slip to the irrelevant channel, due to the inability to precisely focus it.

    Slippage

    • Metaphorically, one cannot precisely control attention all the time to ensure that it is not directed to the irrelevant channel.
    • If attention isn't properly focused, it may slip to the irrelevant channel.

    Spillover - Demonstration

    • Demonstration of how excess attention may "spill over" to the irrelevant channel when the relevant channel is less demanding.

    Spillover

    • Attention cannot be completely confined to an intended source, and can spill over to other, irrelevant aspects of a task.
    • If a task demands less attention than available, attention "spills over" to the irrelevant channels.

    Slippage

    • Lachter et al. (2004) argued that researchers have mistakenly assumed identification can occur without attention.
    • They suggest reinterpretation of old experiments and design of new experiments to correctly understand the role of attention in identification.

    Reminder: Early Selection

    • Early selection theories assume no identification without attention.
    • Meaning is analysed only with attention.
    • Identification in the irrelevant channel implies prior attention.

    Reinterpreting Evidence from Last Lecture

    • Participants report words from the irrelevant ear when message switches to that ear (channel switching).
    • Evidence for own-name effect on unattended channel perception.
    • Studies observed skin conductance changes when words associated with electric shocks were in the unattended channel.
    • These findings seem to contradict early selection.
    • Lachter argued prior studies didn't control for slippage or involuntary attention.

    Irrelevant vs. Relevant Channel

    • The irrelevant channel is only irrelevant based on instructions.
    • It's been assumed this channel isn't attended, but people may sometimes attend to it.

    Own-Name Effect and Working Memory Capacity

    • Conway et al. (2001) tested high and low working memory capacity (WMC) groups.
    • Individuals with low WMC were more likely to notice their name in the irrelevant channel than those with high WMC.
    • The own-name effect is real but reflects an attentional problem.

    Channel Switching

    • Repetition of the channel switching experiment shows how information from the unshadowed ear can be processed.
    • One possible reason for this is semantic ambiguity, requiring shifts in attention for resolution.

    Replication Studies

    • A researcher attempts to replicate previous results in a replication study (often with minor changes).
    • Replication is critical to validating research findings but often unsuccessful.
    • Nosek et al. (2015) discussed the reproducibility of psychological science.

    Replicating Electric Shock Conditioning Study

    • Dawson & Schell (1982) attempted to replicate previous research showing skin conductance changes with unattended stimuli but mostly found they did not occur.
    • This suggested that prior results may have overstated the influence of unattended stimuli on responses.

    Lachter et al.

    • Lachter et al. hypothesized that no identification occurs without attention, excluding slippage.
    • Used visual stimuli, briefly presented stimuli in different locations, to exclude slippage due to time.

    The Task: Repetition Priming

    • Priming experiments involve presenting a prime word briefly before a target word (or pseudo-word).
    • If the prime is the same, processing of the target word is faster.

    How Does Repetition Priming Work?

    • Seeing the prime activates the corresponding concept in memory, facilitating the processing of the target word.

    Repetition Priming in Different Locations

    • Lachter et al. presented the prime in a different location from the target, differing from traditional methods.
    • This helped control for shifts in attention.

    Lachter et al. – Results for Same Location

    • Reaction times were faster when the prime and target matched in location.
    • Inconsistent results with location show that the change of location is relevant for reaction times.

    Lachter et al.

    • The theoretical conclusion supports that attention is necessary for identification in non-attended channels.

    Was Broadbent Correct...?

    • Kouider et al (2014) showed that participants can respond to unattended words during sleep, suggesting word processing outside of conscious awareness—in line with some previous results.

    Spillover

    • Lavie's research combined assumptions of late and early selection theory.
    • Lavie argued that perceptual processing is capacity-limited.

    Lavie (1995) - Spillover

    • Identification of irrelevant stimuli only occurs if processing of relevant stimuli doesn't exhaust resources.

    Lavie (1995) - Capacity Limitations

    • Processing relevant stimuli consumes resources, leaving none for irrelevant stimuli.

    Lavie & Cox (1997)

    • Task: detect a target letter among distractors, testing for compatibility effects.
    • Compatible vs. incompatible trials: target and flanker are either identical or different.

    Lavie & Cox (1997) – manipulating perceptual load

    • Two conditions: low and high perceptual load.
    • In low perceptual load, the target was immediately visible.
    • In high perceptual load, the target was harder to find.

    Lavie & Cox (1997)

    • Hypothesis: compatibility effect exists for low perceptual load but not high perceptual load.

    Lavie & Cox (1997)

    • Low perceptual load: large compatibility effect, suggesting identification of the irrelevant flanker.
    • High perceptual load: small compatibility effect, suggesting minimal identification of the irrelevant flanker.

    Lachter vs. Lavie

    • Both Lachter and Lavie support early selection theory.
    • Lachter: attention focused, no slippage/irrelevant processing is avoidable,
    • Lavie: perceptual capacity limited; irrelevant processing unavoidable (even under low perceptual load).

    Thank you

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    PSGY1010 Cognitive Psychology 1 - Attention 2 Lecture Notes PDF

    Description

    Explore the intricacies of cognitive psychology through this quiz, focusing on key concepts like the own-name effect, attention, and memory capacity. Test your understanding of foundational studies and their implications in real-world scenarios.

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