3) Perception III
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Questions and Answers

What is a significant challenge in designing a perceiving machine related to visual input?

  • Visual input provides consistent information about 3D structures.
  • All objects in a scene are uniformly illuminated.
  • 2D retinal images can result from multiple 3D configurations. (correct)
  • Computers can easily differentiate between distinct objects.

How does image complexity affect machine perception?

  • It complicates the differentiation of distinct objects. (correct)
  • It reduces the ambiguity of visual input.
  • It simplifies the process of organizing visual scenes.
  • It enhances the resolution of detected edges.

What is one approach to understanding perceptual organization mentioned?

  • Cognitive Mapping
  • Functionalism
  • Gestalt Theory (correct)
  • Structural Analysis

What is a learning objective related to perceiving depth?

<p>Understanding how 3-dimensional space is perceived from 2-dimensional images. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do ambiguous visual inputs play in our perception?

<p>They pose difficulties in depth perception for machines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of disparity occurs when objects are closer than the horopter?

<p>Crossed disparity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which depth cue relies primarily on the visual information provided by a single eye?

<p>Monocular cues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were the central figures in the development of the Gestalt school of thought?

<p>Köhler, Koffka, Wertheimer (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main argument of the Gestalt school regarding perception?

<p>The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What depth cue involves changes in object size perceived with distance?

<p>Relative object height (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process of extracting depth information from binocular disparities called?

<p>Stereopsis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does prior knowledge play in depth perception?

<p>It aids in top-down processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the position of images from the perspective of the right eye for uncrossed disparity?

<p>Further to the left from the right eye’s viewpoint (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the Gestalt principles of perceptual organization?

<p>Grouping elements to form larger objects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle states that elements that are close together tend to be perceived as belonging together?

<p>Proximity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Law of Prägnanz suggest about perceptual organization?

<p>The simplest and most stable shape will be perceived (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Gestalt principle allows individuals to perceive a complete figure even when it is incomplete?

<p>Closure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of common fate indicate?

<p>Objects that change together are perceived as a single unit (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle emphasizes the importance of continuity in perception?

<p>Good continuation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle is suggested to play a role in balancing and symmetry in perception?

<p>Symmetry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one criticism of the Gestalt principles mentioned?

<p>There is no clear definition of a 'good' or 'simple' shape (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of perception does the principle of similarity address?

<p>The basic characteristics of elements (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a commonality observed in the Gestalt principles?

<p>They all suggest a holistic approach to perception (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does relative height serve in depth perception?

<p>It indicates how far an object is based on its position relative to the horizon. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which monocular cue involves objects blocking the view of other objects?

<p>Occlusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between monocular cues and binocular cues?

<p>Monocular cues operate with one eye, while binocular cues require both eyes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to parallel lines as they extend into the distance, according to linear perspective?

<p>They appear to converge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does motion parallax contribute to depth perception?

<p>It indicates that distant objects move slower across our field of view than near objects. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by binocular disparity?

<p>The slight difference in the image location of an object viewed by each eye. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is foreshortening in the context of depth perception?

<p>It describes the flattening of circles into ovals when tilted away. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the perception of depth through shadows?

<p>Brightness and orientation with respect to a light source. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are horopter points in the context of binocular vision?

<p>They are points in space that project to corresponding positions on the retinas. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is texture gradient and how does it contribute to depth perception?

<p>It involves how objects become smaller and denser in texture with distance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Depth Perception

The ability to perceive the three-dimensional world from two-dimensional retinal images.

Visual Ambiguity

A source of ambiguity in visual perception where multiple 3D objects can produce the same 2D retinal image.

Visual Scene Complexity

A challenge for designing perceiving machines, where image complexity makes object segregation difficult.

Structuralist Approach

An approach that analyzes individual features and elements to understand perception.

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Gestalt Approach

An approach emphasizing overall patterns and relationships in visual perception.

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Binocular disparity

The difference in the retinal image of an object as seen by the left eye and the right eye.

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Crossed Disparity

Objects closer than the horopter will appear shifted to the right in the right eye's view.

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Uncrossed Disparity

Objects further than the horopter will appear shifted to the left in the right eye's view.

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Horopter

An imaginary surface in space where objects appear at the same location for both eyes.

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Stereopsis

The process of extracting depth information from binocular disparity.

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Structuralism

This theory proposes that perception is simply the combination of individual elementary sensations.

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Gestalt School

This school of thought emphasized the importance of the whole form rather than just the sum of its parts.

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Wilhelm Wundt

A German psychologist who pioneered structuralism.

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Relative height

The perceived distance of an object is influenced by its position relative to the horizon. Objects with their bases higher in the visual field are perceived as farther away.

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Relative size

The apparent size of an object provides information about its distance. Objects that appear smaller are perceived as farther away.

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Occlusion

When one object partially blocks another object, the partially blocked object is perceived as farther away. Objects closer to the observer obstruct the view of objects behind them.

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Linear perspective

Parallel lines that extend into the distance appear to converge at a vanishing point. The greater the convergence, the greater the perceived distance.

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Texture gradient

The density and detail of textures appear to decrease with distance. Elements in textured surfaces seem smaller and more closely packed as they recede.

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Motion parallax

As an observer moves, objects at different distances appear to move at different rates. Closer objects appear to move faster while distant objects appear to move more slowly.

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Shadows and shading

The brightness and contrast of a surface depend on its orientation towards a light source. Objects' brightness and shaded areas can provide clues about depth and relative positions.

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Stereoscopic vision

Sterescopic vision refers to the ability to perceive depth using both eyes. This is achieved by combining the slightly different images received by each eye.

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Illusory Contours

The perception of edges in images, even where there is no actual change in luminance or colour. This phenomenon can't be fully explained by simply combining individual elements (structuralism).

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Gestalt Principles

A set of principles that explain how the human brain groups elements in an image to create larger objects.

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Law of Pragnanz

The idea that we tend to see the simplest and most stable shape possible. This is the fundamental principle behind the Gestalt approach.

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Proximity

Elements that are close to each other are more likely to be grouped together.

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Similarity

Elements that are similar to each other (in shape, colour, orientation, etc.) are perceived as a group.

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Common Fate

Grouping elements that move together, even if they are initially separated.

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Good Continuation

Elements that form a smooth, continuous line are perceived as belonging together, even if they're partially obstructed.

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Closure

Group elements to form complete figures, even if they are incomplete.

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Symmetry

Elements are more likely to be grouped into balanced or symmetrical patterns.

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Assessment of Gestalt Principles

Gestalt principles are generally accurate in describing how we perceive objects as wholes, not just sums of parts.

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Study Notes

Cognitive Psychology 1 - Perception III: Depth and Visual Scene Analysis

  • Course: PSGY1010
  • Lecturer: Dr Chung Kai Li
  • Institution: University of Nottingham (UK, China, Malaysia)

Visual Scene Analysis

  • Visual input provides ambiguous information about 3D world structure.
  • The same 2D retinal image can correspond to an infinite number of 3D objects.
  • This ambiguity is exploited by artists in anamorphic street art.
  • Image complexity makes computer scene analysis difficult.
  • Computers struggle to organise visual scenes into distinct objects.

How Do We Perceive Depth?

  • Humans use various image information sources to infer depth.

  • Monocular Cues (using one eye):

    • Relative height
    • Relative size
    • Occlusion
    • Linear perspective
    • Texture gradient
    • Motion parallax
    • Shadows
    • Shading

  • Binocular Cues (using both eyes):

    • Disparity

Relative Height and Size

  • Objects below the horizon with higher bases are perceived as more distant.
  • If two objects are of equal physical size, the more distant one appears smaller in the visual field.

Occlusion

  • Closer objects block the view of further objects.

Linear Perspective and Texture Gradient

  • Parallel lines appear to converge in the distance.
  • Texture elements become smaller and denser with distance.
  • Fore-shortening (circles becoming ovals) occurs when a tilted surface recedes away.

Motion Parallax

  • As we move, more distant objects appear to move past more slowly than closer objects.

Shadows and Shading

  • Brightness of a surface depends on its orientation relative to the light source.
  • Cast shadows contribute to depth perception.

Binocular Disparity

  • Our two eyes receive slightly different images of the world.
  • This difference in image location (disparity) provides depth information.
  • The greater the disparity, the closer the object.
  • Horopter: The set of points in space that project to corresponding points on the two retinas (zero disparity).

How Do We Perceive Objects?

  • Structuralism:

    • Wilhelm Wundt pioneered this approach, popular in the mid-to-late 19th century.
    • Proposed that perceptions are the sum of basic sensory elements.

  • Gestalt Psychology:

    • Reaction against structuralism.
    • Key figures: Wertheimer, Köhler, and Koffka.
    • Argued that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts.
    • Emphasized perceptual organisation principles.

Gestalt Principles of Perceptual Organisation

  • Proximity: Things close together are grouped together.
  • Similarity: Similar things are grouped together.
  • Common Fate: Things moving together are grouped together.
  • Good Continuation: Elements are grouped to form smooth lines, avoiding abrupt changes.
  • Closure: Incomplete figures are perceived as complete.
  • Symmetry: Balanced or symmetrical elements are grouped together.

Summary

  • Key objective: Analyze how we determine depth from 2-D images, and compare and discuss the Structuralist and Gestalt approaches.
  • Both monocular and binocular cues are significant for perceiving depth.
  • Perception of depth involves a combination of bottom-up and top-down processes. Depth cues combine to produce our perception.
  • Both structuralism and Gestalt principles have contributed to our understanding of perceptual organization and object grouping, but are distinct.

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PSGY1010 Cognitive Psychology 1: Perception PDF

Description

Explore the complexities of visual scene analysis and depth perception in this quiz. Learn about monocular and binocular cues that help us interpret our 3D world from 2D images. This content is crucial for understanding human cognition and perception processes.

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