80 Questions
When do alcohol withdrawal symptoms typically reach their peak?
Around two days after ceasing alcohol consumption
What helps alleviate symptoms of alcohol withdrawal?
Benzodiazepines
In alcohol withdrawal, what happens to tolerance towards alcohol?
It increases
What is the treatment approach for alcohol withdrawal in serious cases?
Detoxification
What is the main reason for hospitalization in serious cases of drug addiction?
To ensure patient doesn’t hurt themselves
What is unique about caffeine compared to other substances?
It is the only substance for which substance-use disorder cannot be developed
Why might strong medications be required for treating drug addiction?
For addressing strong addictions and breaking the addiction cycle
What is the primary goal of detoxification in treating drug addiction?
To help the patient get used to operating without the drug
Which type of somatosensation is responsible for detecting changes in body temperature?
Temperature (thermoception)
What type of neuron fires as soon as the stimulus starts and then stops, but resumes firing when the stimulus stops?
Fast-adapting neuron
Which sensory system is responsible for balance and spatial orientation?
Vestibular system
How quickly neurons fire determines the perceived intensity of a stimulus. Which of the following represents high intensity?
Fast firing rate of neurons
Which of the following is not a type of somatosensation?
Yawning (nociception)
What is the term for stimuli that are below the absolute threshold of sensation?
Subliminal stimuli
Which type of neuron fires consistently at a constant rate regardless of the duration of the stimulus?
Non-adapting neuron
Which of the following sensory systems relies on dermatomes to determine the location of a stimulus?
Somatosensory system
What is one of the factors that increases the risk of drug addiction?
Both genetic and environmental factors
What physiological phenomenon occurs when the brain shuts down some receptors due to high levels of dopamine?
Tolerance
What is the term for feeling the need for a drug emotionally and physically?
Dependence
What happens when there is a reduction in the efficacy or responsiveness to a novel drug due to a common CNS target?
Cross tolerance
What happens when you go through a period of not having a drug that you have built up tolerance to?
Experiencing withdrawal symptoms
What happens when you increase the amount of a drug like cocaine after building up tolerance?
Feeling normal
What occurs when long-term stimulation leads to brain shutting down some receptor due to high levels of dopamine?
Decreased receptor sensitivity
What is a sign that you are addicted to a drug?
Needing the drug to feel normal
What is the approximate distance between human eyes?
2.5 inches
What does convergence give humans an idea about?
Depth
What monocular cue allows humans to infer the form of an object?
Relative size
What happens to the muscles of the eyes when looking at objects far away?
They relax
What is the term for the perception that one object is in front of another?
Interposition
What type of constancy involves the perception that an object's size remains the same despite changes in the image on the retina?
Size constancy
What is the term for the phenomenon where objects closer to the observer appear to move faster than those farther away?
Motion parallax
Which of the following is NOT a type of constancy?
Motion constancy
What is the task of the person in the experiment when asked which words on the second list were on the first list?
To decide whether a certain word is exact or similar to the one in the first list with uncertainty
What is the real-world example given to illustrate the concept of signal strength?
Traffic lights on a foggy day
What is a 'hit' in the context of signal detection theory?
When the subject responds affirmatively to a present signal
What is the difference between the means of the two distributions in signal detection theory?
d', the strength of the signal
What is the consequence of a conservative strategy in signal detection?
Getting more misses
What happens to d' when the signal distribution is shifted to the right?
It becomes larger and easier to detect
What is the relationship between hit and miss when the signal is strong?
hit > miss
What is the term for the correct negative answer for no signal?
Correct Rejection
What does a 'hit' represent in the context of signal detection theory?
Responding affirmatively when a signal was present
Which strategy is always saying 'no' unless 100% sure that a signal is present?
Conservative strategy
In Signal Detection Theory, what does 'd'' represent?
The difference between means of signal and noise distributions
What does a 'correct rejection' represent in the context of signal detection?
A correct negative answer for no signal
When the noise distribution is shifted to the right in Signal Detection Theory, what happens to 'd''?
It increases
What could be a consequence of a liberal strategy in Signal Detection Theory?
Increased number of false alarms
In Signal Detection Theory, what happens when a subject responds negatively to a present signal?
Miss
What is a false alarm in the context of Signal Detection Theory?
Perceiving a signal when there was none present
What is the function of the vomeronasal system in animals?
Responding to pheromones through projections to the brain
What does the phrase 'fast blocks slow' refer to in the context of pain?
Slow nerve signals inhibit fast nerve signals
What sensory component describes the emotional experience associated with pain perception?
Affective component
What do pheromones released by animals primarily trigger in other animals?
Innate responses
According to the gate control theory of pain, how do non-painful inputs affect painful signals?
They close the gates to painful input
What is the role of the accessory olfactory epithelium in animals?
Sensing pheromones
Which theory postulates that non-noxious input can suppress the sensation of pain?
Gate control theory of olfaction
How do pheromones primarily affect communication and behavior in animals?
Inducing mating and fighting responses
What type of cells rely on GPCR receptors for detecting sweet, umami, and bitter tastes?
Sweet, umami, and bitter cells
Which type of tastants bind to receptors and detect the presence of sodium ions?
Salty tastants
In the context of taste, what is responsible for closing potassium channels when hydrogen cations bind to it?
Sourness receptors
Where is the first place of integration for taste and smell perception?
Oribofrontal cortex
What can trick the brain into interpreting salt as sugar when placed inside a sweet cell?
Insertion of salty receptor
What happens when NaCl binds to a receptor, causing depolarization and firing an action potential in the cell?
Sweet cell signals sweetness
Which ion is responsible for depolarizing a sweet cell when it activates a different receptor?
Sodium ions
What does the Acronym SO in taste receptors, SOur and salty, stand for?
Sodium and Oily
What is the purpose of hospitalization in serious cases of drug addiction?
To ensure patient safety during withdrawal
What is unique about caffeine compared to other substances?
It is the only drug for which we can't develop substance-use disorder
What is the main goal of detoxification in treating drug addiction?
To separate the addict from the drug
What happens to the effectiveness of a drug when tolerance is built up?
It decreases
When do symptoms of alcohol withdrawal typically reach their peak?
Two days after consumption stops
What is the purpose of benzodiazepines in treating alcohol withdrawal?
To alleviate symptoms of alcohol withdrawal
What is the primary component of drug addiction?
Physiological and psychological
What occurs when the body adapts to a substance and its effect decreases with an equal dose?
Tolerance
What is the recommended amount of sleep for adults?
7-8 hours
What is the term for persistent trouble falling asleep or staying asleep?
Insomnia
Which age group needs at least 12 hours of sleep?
Infants (4-11 months)
What is a common consequence of relying on medication to treat insomnia?
Dependence and tolerance
What is the term for a neurological disorder that causes excessive daytime sleepiness?
Narcolepsy
Which age group should get at least 10 hours of sleep a night?
Preschoolers (3-5 years old)
What is a common treatment approach for insomnia that is preferred over medication?
Psychological training and lifestyle changes
How common is sleep apnea?
1 in 20 people
Test your knowledge on depth perception and visual cues used by humans to perceive depth in the world around them. Explore concepts such as retinal disparity, convergence, and other visual cues that aid in depth perception.
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