Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a primary function of automatic processes in cognitive functioning?
What is a primary function of automatic processes in cognitive functioning?
What aspect of cognition do automatic processes lack?
What aspect of cognition do automatic processes lack?
Which part of the brain is suggested to be involved in controlling the override of automatic processes?
Which part of the brain is suggested to be involved in controlling the override of automatic processes?
How do Gestalt psychologists address the perception of objects?
How do Gestalt psychologists address the perception of objects?
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In the context of recognizing a person, what role does an internal schema play?
In the context of recognizing a person, what role does an internal schema play?
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What characterizes the 'Pandemonium model' of feature extraction?
What characterizes the 'Pandemonium model' of feature extraction?
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What happens when automatic processes fail to provide appropriate behavior?
What happens when automatic processes fail to provide appropriate behavior?
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What is a defining feature of reversible figures in Gestalt psychology?
What is a defining feature of reversible figures in Gestalt psychology?
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What is one function of selection in visual attention?
What is one function of selection in visual attention?
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What is the binding problem in attention?
What is the binding problem in attention?
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What is controlled attention also known as?
What is controlled attention also known as?
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How does exogenous attention differ from controlled attention?
How does exogenous attention differ from controlled attention?
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Patients with frontal lobe damage often struggle with which aspect of attention?
Patients with frontal lobe damage often struggle with which aspect of attention?
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What does the psychological refractory period (PRP) refer to?
What does the psychological refractory period (PRP) refer to?
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What is controlled attention primarily driven by?
What is controlled attention primarily driven by?
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What happens at short inter-stimulus intervals during task switching?
What happens at short inter-stimulus intervals during task switching?
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What is meant by high attention conspicuity in perception?
What is meant by high attention conspicuity in perception?
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Why is the theory considered constructivist?
Why is the theory considered constructivist?
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What does the masking paradigm demonstrate?
What does the masking paradigm demonstrate?
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What is re-entrant processing in the context of visual perception?
What is re-entrant processing in the context of visual perception?
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Which function is primarily associated with the dorsal stream?
Which function is primarily associated with the dorsal stream?
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How does the ventral stream differ from the dorsal stream?
How does the ventral stream differ from the dorsal stream?
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What occurs when a mask follows a stimulus in the masking paradigm?
What occurs when a mask follows a stimulus in the masking paradigm?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of information processed by the dorsal stream?
Which of the following is a characteristic of information processed by the dorsal stream?
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What is the main advantage of parallel distributed processing (PDP) models over traditional approaches?
What is the main advantage of parallel distributed processing (PDP) models over traditional approaches?
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How does the concept of sensory conspicuity affect the detection of objects?
How does the concept of sensory conspicuity affect the detection of objects?
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What distinguishes sensation from perception according to the content?
What distinguishes sensation from perception according to the content?
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What do Kant's ideas about numena and phenomena suggest about human perception?
What do Kant's ideas about numena and phenomena suggest about human perception?
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What does the term 'subliminal perception' refer to?
What does the term 'subliminal perception' refer to?
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Which of these statements accurately reflects the relationship between sensory conspicuity and awareness of objects?
Which of these statements accurately reflects the relationship between sensory conspicuity and awareness of objects?
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In the context of visual illusions, what is typically studied to understand perception?
In the context of visual illusions, what is typically studied to understand perception?
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What role do templates play in connectionist models like PDP?
What role do templates play in connectionist models like PDP?
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What does negative priming describe in the context of attention?
What does negative priming describe in the context of attention?
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How is the spotlight analogy related to visual attention?
How is the spotlight analogy related to visual attention?
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What characterizes covert attention?
What characterizes covert attention?
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What is the primary function of central and peripheral cues in attention orienting studies?
What is the primary function of central and peripheral cues in attention orienting studies?
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What is the role of saccades in visual attention?
What is the role of saccades in visual attention?
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What happens when attention is captured exogenously?
What happens when attention is captured exogenously?
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In the described attention experiment, what task did participants perform?
In the described attention experiment, what task did participants perform?
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How is attention directed when using top-down control?
How is attention directed when using top-down control?
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What is the primary function of the ventral stream in visual processing?
What is the primary function of the ventral stream in visual processing?
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How does the dorsal system differ from the ventral system in terms of storage capabilities?
How does the dorsal system differ from the ventral system in terms of storage capabilities?
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Which question is primarily associated with the function of the dorsal stream?
Which question is primarily associated with the function of the dorsal stream?
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What characterizes the perception mechanism of the dorsal stream in relation to actions?
What characterizes the perception mechanism of the dorsal stream in relation to actions?
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In interacting with visual illusions, what aspect of perception remains unaffected by the illusion according to the content?
In interacting with visual illusions, what aspect of perception remains unaffected by the illusion according to the content?
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What role does the dorsal stream predominantly serve in the context of perception?
What role does the dorsal stream predominantly serve in the context of perception?
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What binaural cues are primarily responsible for determining the azimuth in auditory localization?
What binaural cues are primarily responsible for determining the azimuth in auditory localization?
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What effect does the head have on high-frequency sounds in auditory localization?
What effect does the head have on high-frequency sounds in auditory localization?
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Study Notes
Stages of Cognitive Processing
- Input is the initial stage, receiving sensory information.
- Perception transforms sensory input into meaningful experiences.
- Learning and memory storage involve processing and retaining information.
- Retrieval is accessing stored knowledge.
- Thinking involves applying knowledge and reasoning.
Approaches to Studying Cognitive Psychology
- Experimental psychology: scientifically tests psychological processes on humans and animals.
- Computer modeling: simulates human cognitive processes using computers to test information processing mechanisms.
- Cognitive neuropsychology: studies cognitive processes in brain-damaged patients to understand brain activities.
- Cognitive neuroscience: investigates the link between brain structure and function, using brain-imaging techniques to understand human cognition.
Gestalt and Schema Theories
- Gestalt psychology emphasizes how components of perception are grouped and integrated into patterns and whole figures.
- Schema is a mental pattern, usually derived from past experiences, that helps interpret new perceptual input.
Key Terms
- Schema: A mental pattern derived from past experience used to interpret new information, e.g., recognizing familiar shapes.
- Top-down processing: Processing that uses existing knowledge and schemas to interpret new stimuli.
- Bottom-up processing: Processing that is directed by the information contained within the stimulus itself.
- Selective filter: Focuses on important input while filtering out unnecessary information.
- Broca's area: A region of the brain controlling motor speech production.
- Wernicke's area: A region of the brain concerned with speech perception and comprehension.
Key Terms(cont.)
- Double dissociation: A method to investigate different functions by demonstrating that impairment in one function occurs independently of another.
- Neurotransmitter: A chemical substance secreted across synapses to enable communication between neurons.
- Synapse: The gap between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
Key Terms(cont.)
- Cell assembly: A group of linked neurons forming a functional network, proposed as a possible biological mechanism for memory trace.
- Controlled processing: Processing under conscious control that is slow & voluntary.
- Automatic processing: Fast, unconscious and not subject to capacity limitations which are not always appropriate behaviour.
- Blindsight: The ability of some functionally blind people to detect visual stimuli unconsciously, even without conscious awareness.
Key Terms(cont.)
- Perception: The subjective experience of sensory information that has been processed cognitively, including how our past experiences shapes our perception.
- Visual illusions: Misperceptions where our perception does not reflect the outside world accurately, which is useful to help us understand different levels of perception.
Key Terms(cont.)
- Sensory conspicuity: How easily an object is detected by our senses, based on the object's properties (like shape, color, and brightness).
- Attention conspicuity: the ease with which a stimulus is detected and takes precedence to our attention, which includes our ability to select the object.
- Visual search: Searching for a target object within a set of other objects, which involve methods such as directing attention to make judgements and the mechanisms involved in identifying an object.
- Constructivist approach: Perception is actively built from incomplete sensory information and stored knowledge.
- Perceptual hypothesis: Predictions about what we might be seeing to be investigated.
- Masking: Disruption of processing of a stimulus when followed by another stimulus, an early or late in the brain processing stage.
Key Terms(cont.)
- Re-entrant processing: Interconnected communication between different brain areas, going in one direction only or both ways.
- Ventral stream: Visual pathway involved in object recognition.
- Dorsal stream: Visual pathway involved in spatial location processing (such as how to react to an object).
- Auditory perception: How our brain processes sounds.
- Auditory localisation: Identifying the location of a sound source .
- Motion parallax: A visual depth cue where nearby objects appear to move faster than distant objects, which also applies to sound.
Key Terms(cont.)
- Phantom word illusions: Perceptions of sounds different or not from what is presented, due to listener experiences & biases.
- Mental model: A representation that interprets the understanding of particular problems.
- Sensory overload: Too much sensory information for processing capabilities.
- Proprioception: The sense for body position and movement.
- Kinesthesis: The sense of body position and movement.
- Attention: Selection and prioritisation of information processing, linked intrinsically to perception and memory.
Key Terms(cont.)
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Selection for action: Attention that allows for controlling, planning and executing responses.
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Selection for perception: Attention towards encoding and interpreting sensory data.
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Binding problem: The need to combine different properties of an object (e.g., color, shape) into one unified perceptual experience.
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Controlled attention: Purposeful, intentional attention that is under our conscious control.
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Exogenous attention: Attention triggered by an external stimulus (i.e. bottom-up).
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Endogenous attention: Attention that is under our conscious control (top-down)
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Stroop effect The difference in processing time between naming colours when they are represented with a word related to that color and when a word that's not related to that color is represented in a color.
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Slips of actions Errors made during the execution of intended actions which are caused by automaticity or conscious control, which has similar principles to the Stroop effect.
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Early selection: Initial selection of information based on physical properties/ features.
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Late selection: Processing information for meaning before selective attention.
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Subliminal stimuli: Stimuli that are detectable by sensory receptors but not consciously reported.
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Masking: Disrupting stimulus processing with other stimuli, used to investigate the processing stages of perception.
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Early selection theory Unselected stimuli are lost due to high capacity fast-decay processing.
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Late selection theory Information is processed for meaning prior to selection.
Key Terms(cont.)
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Breakthrough: The unattended message can sometimes be heard or noted consciously.
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Selective filtering and Selective set: Two different task demands that show how attention is affected by the nature of the task (as opposed to external factors like visual cues).
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Visual search: searching for a specific object within complex visual displays.
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Conjunction search: Finding an object that has a combination of two or more features that differs from other objects.
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Pop-out: Fast search for a distinctive feature among a collection of features.
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Covert attention: Focusing attention without moving the eyes
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Overt attention: Focusing attention by moving the eyes
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Gaze-mediated orienting: Attention gets pulled to the gaze or location of others.
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Contention scheduler A part of our brain that creates order and prioritization for semi-automatic control of schemas.
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Frontal lobe syndrome. A deficit exhibited by patients with frontal lobe damage related to difficulty with behaviour, goal-setting, and sequential planning.
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Cross-modal cuing: When attentional cueing is elicited by cues from different sensory modalities.
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Local -global processing - When multiple levels of details need to be processed.
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Description
Test your understanding of automatic and controlled processes in cognition. This quiz covers key concepts from Gestalt psychology and various aspects of visual attention. Explore how attention mechanisms operate and what happens when automatic processes falter.
