Cognitive Neuroscience vs Cognitive Psychology

Cognitive neuroscience focuses more on how biological processes influence thoughts and behaviors, whereas cognitive psychology emphasizes how the mind works without significant consideration of physical brain structure.

Signal detection theory involves the detection of stimuli through decision-making and sensory processes, incorporating the concepts of signal, noise, and criterion.

A liberal bias favors identifying the presence of a signal, even when uncertain, while a conservative bias is more cautious, preferring to say the signal is absent unless very certain.

<p>Feature search involves looking for a single distinctive feature, while conjunctive search requires finding an object based on a combination of features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mechanistic view considers conditioning a low-level process without higher order cognition, while the cognitive view acknowledges that conditioning can involve higher order cognition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ganzfeld experiments show that continuous stimulation can lead to sensory adaptation, where responses to the stimuli diminish over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Informed pairing, where participants are told about CS-US relationships, can lead to changes in their behavior towards the conditioned stimulus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The four basic processes are attention, retention, reproduction, and motivation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Motivation influences whether an individual will reproduce the behavior they have observed, affecting the likelihood of learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bilateral amygdala damage impairs emotional learning and the ability to form new emotional memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reinforcement expectancy refers to how participants' responses can be influenced by information provided regarding the intensity of reinforcers or the meaning of ambiguous stimuli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The hippocampus is crucial for consolidating new memories and facilitating the transition of information to long-term storage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>This phrase illustrates that synchronous activation of neurons strengthens their synaptic connections, enhancing learning and memory formation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Damage to both the hippocampus and amygdala severely disrupts the ability to form new memories and manage emotional responses in relation to those memories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The parietal lobes are involved in sensory processing and spatial location, which are important for maintaining information in working memory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-living things are categorized by their functional features, while living things are categorized by their sensory features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A prototype is the most typical example of a category that represents its essential features.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An example of a disjunctive concept is 'strike' in baseball, which can occur under various conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Necessary features are essential characteristics for category membership, while jointly sufficient features ensure that any combination of them can define the category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fuzzy boundaries refer to the unclear or overlapping limits of category membership, where it is difficult to draw precise distinctions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rosch’s principles emphasize that categories are not rigid but rather have different levels of inclusiveness based on typicality and context.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Selection tasks and reception tasks are used to study category learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prototype theory suggests that we categorize based on an ideal representation, while exemplar theory proposes that we categorize based on specific examples we've encountered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Episodic memory involves personal experiences and specific events, while semantic memory pertains to general knowledge and facts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tulving proposed that episodic and semantic memory are distinct systems, each with different characteristics and functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study highlights that biases can distort encoding and retrieval processes in episodic memory, suggesting that memory is influenced by expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paivio's Dual-coding hypothesis suggests that information is more effectively remembered when it is encoded both verbally and visually.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Craik and Lockhart proposed that the depth of processing affects memory retention, with deeper processing leading to better recall; the main challenge is its vagueness in defining 'depth.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The premise is that memory performance is enhanced when the processing at encoding matches the processing at retrieval.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The study demonstrated that non-human animals possess a form of episodic memory, indicating they can remember the 'what,' 'where,' and 'when' of events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It suggests that implicit and explicit memory are not distinct systems, but rather outcomes of specific task demands encountered during processing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A prototype is a representative member summarizing features of a category, while an exemplar is an individual instance that belongs to that category.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Typicality refers to how closely an item resembles a prototypical member of a category, affecting its perceived membership and categorization speed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rosch’s Principles include cognitive economy and perceived world structure, which help in simplifying the mental representation of categories.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conservative focusing involves selecting instances that fit established category criteria, while focus gambling allows for the exploration of less typical category members.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Family resemblance refers to the shared features among category members that are common in the category but not in others, influencing typicality assessments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vertical structure refers to superordinate, basic, and subordinate levels of categories, while horizontal structure refers to how different categories relate on the same level.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distributed practice enhances recall by spacing learning sessions over time, while the generation effect improves recall by encouraging active engagement through self-generated answers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fuzzy categories imply that the boundaries of category membership are not rigid and that items may belong to multiple categories to varying extents.</p> Signup and view all the answers

A framework that explains how we make decisions about whether a stimulus is present, despite noise or uncertainty.

The relevant information that you are trying to detect or perceive.

Irrelevant or distracting information that makes it harder to detect the signal.

The internal threshold or level of evidence you require before deciding a signal is present.

A bias that influences whether you are more likely to say 'yes' (liberal) or 'no' (conservative) to a signal.

Learning through association, where a neutral stimulus becomes paired with a meaningful stimulus, leading to a learned response.

These are individuals studied to understand the role of the amygdala and hippocampus in learning. SM had amygdala damage, WC had hippocampal damage, and RH had damage to both.

A process where repeated stimulation of a synapse leads to a strengthening of the connection between neurons, making communication more efficient.

The idea that neurons that fire simultaneously strengthen their connections, leading to learning and memory formation.

Groups of neurons that work together to represent a specific concept, idea, or memory.

Conditioning is a basic process that doesn't involve conscious thought or higher-level reasoning.

Conditioning sometimes involves higher-level cognitive processes, like understanding relationships and making decisions.

Learning is influenced by being told about the connection between a signal (CS) and an event (US).

Learning by watching someone else, without direct experience.

Learning theory emphasizing the role of observation, social interaction, and self-efficacy in shaping behavior.

Consciously retrieved memories that are consciously accessed and described, including personal experiences and facts.

Memories that are not consciously retrieved but can influence behavior. Examples include skills, habits, and conditioning.

General knowledge of facts and concepts independent of personal experience or context.

Memories of specific events and experiences, including their time and place.

Endel Tulving proposed that episodic memory is unique to humans, unlike semantic memory that can be found in animals.

Episodic memory can be biased by factors at encoding and retrieval, leading to errors or distortions in recall.

Paivio's hypothesis suggests that both verbal and visual codes are used for encoding and storage in episodic memory.

Craik & Lockhart suggested that memory depends on how deeply we process information, with deeper processing leading to stronger memory traces.

A strategy in concept formation where you focus on features that are present in positive examples and absent in negative examples.

A strategy in concept formation where you focus on a single feature, hoping it will lead to the correct concept.

A strategy in concept formation where you try to understand the whole pattern of features.

A strategy in concept formation where you focus on individual features one at a time.

A member of a category that is seen as the most representative example.

The degree to which a member of a category reflects its central characteristics.

The extent to which a member shares features commonly found in a category.

We don't use a prototype, but remember each individual example of a category.

A group of ideas or objects that are treated as equivalent in some way and share common properties.

A mental representation of a category that allows us to extend what we know about one object to other members of the same category.

A concept defined by a simple conjunction of two or more attributes.

A concept defined by two or more possible sets of attributes.

A concept defined by the relationship between attributes.

A feature that must be present for an item to belong to a category.

Features that, when present together, are enough to guarantee an item belongs to a category.

A psychological experiment that is used to study category learning by testing participants' ability to identify rules governing card sorting.