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Questions and Answers
What type of gestures are characterized by movements that help to accentuate speech without direct meaning?
What type of gestures are characterized by movements that help to accentuate speech without direct meaning?
Which condition is characterized by a lack of control over one's hand movements?
Which condition is characterized by a lack of control over one's hand movements?
What is the primary role of the Executive system in attention?
What is the primary role of the Executive system in attention?
Which term refers to the feelings associated with body parts belonging to the self?
Which term refers to the feelings associated with body parts belonging to the self?
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What does external attention primarily deal with?
What does external attention primarily deal with?
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What is the function of the Angular gyrus in the brain?
What is the function of the Angular gyrus in the brain?
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The Default Mode Network (DMN) is active when a person is engaged in what type of activity?
The Default Mode Network (DMN) is active when a person is engaged in what type of activity?
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Which approach in attention refers to processing that arises from incoming sensory information?
Which approach in attention refers to processing that arises from incoming sensory information?
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What is the primary function of Broca's area in the brain?
What is the primary function of Broca's area in the brain?
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Which method is used for structural imaging of the brain?
Which method is used for structural imaging of the brain?
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What is the principle behind backward propagation in connectionist networks?
What is the principle behind backward propagation in connectionist networks?
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What does associative chain theory primarily explain?
What does associative chain theory primarily explain?
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What does the localization theory suggest about brain functions?
What does the localization theory suggest about brain functions?
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What does the TOTE model allow in terms of decision-making?
What does the TOTE model allow in terms of decision-making?
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What is the core idea of the modularity hypothesis in neuropsychology?
What is the core idea of the modularity hypothesis in neuropsychology?
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Which level of control is primarily responsible for executing specific actions required to complete tasks?
Which level of control is primarily responsible for executing specific actions required to complete tasks?
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How does cognitive neuroscience differ from cognitive psychology?
How does cognitive neuroscience differ from cognitive psychology?
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What effect does increased anxiety have on automatic processing according to the interactive activation model?
What effect does increased anxiety have on automatic processing according to the interactive activation model?
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What is a characteristic of event-related potentials (ERPs)?
What is a characteristic of event-related potentials (ERPs)?
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What is a characteristic of recurrent networks?
What is a characteristic of recurrent networks?
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What is double dissociation in the context of brain injuries?
What is double dissociation in the context of brain injuries?
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Damage to which area can lead to dysexecutive syndrome?
Damage to which area can lead to dysexecutive syndrome?
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What type of action inability results from damage to the frontal/parietal cortex?
What type of action inability results from damage to the frontal/parietal cortex?
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How is cognition metaphorically described in the content?
How is cognition metaphorically described in the content?
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What describes the ability to focus on one speaker in a noisy environment?
What describes the ability to focus on one speaker in a noisy environment?
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In the dichotic listening paradigm, what was observed when voices had the same physical properties?
In the dichotic listening paradigm, what was observed when voices had the same physical properties?
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What does Broadbent's filter theory suggest about attention?
What does Broadbent's filter theory suggest about attention?
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According to Treisman's Attenuator Model, how are unattended stimuli processed?
According to Treisman's Attenuator Model, how are unattended stimuli processed?
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What did Lavie's Experiment (1995) demonstrate about perceptual load?
What did Lavie's Experiment (1995) demonstrate about perceptual load?
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What does the 'spotlight' metaphor of attention refer to?
What does the 'spotlight' metaphor of attention refer to?
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In terms of resource theory, what does performing multiple tasks simultaneously depend on?
In terms of resource theory, what does performing multiple tasks simultaneously depend on?
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What is a key characteristic of early selection models of attention?
What is a key characteristic of early selection models of attention?
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What does the zoom lens model in attention suggest?
What does the zoom lens model in attention suggest?
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Which concept describes the challenge of integrating separate features into a unified perception?
Which concept describes the challenge of integrating separate features into a unified perception?
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What is the main function of inhibition of return?
What is the main function of inhibition of return?
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What is the significance of the dual task paradigm in relation to visual attention?
What is the significance of the dual task paradigm in relation to visual attention?
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What do preattentive visual processes allow us to do?
What do preattentive visual processes allow us to do?
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What role does the normalization model of attention serve?
What role does the normalization model of attention serve?
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What is meant by attentional blink?
What is meant by attentional blink?
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How does feedforward processing function in attentional mechanisms?
How does feedforward processing function in attentional mechanisms?
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Study Notes
Internal Representations
- Internal representations are mental models of external objects and events.
- ACT-R models use simple IF-THEN rules to process information.
- Backward propagation modifies weights in connectionist networks to improve accuracy.
Connectionism
- Connectionist networks simulate basic learning and perceptual phenomena.
- These networks are composed of simple units organized into input, output, and internal layers.
- Examples include commercial applications and driving.
Cognitive Neuroscience
- Cognitive Neuroscience investigates the neural basis of cognitive processes.
- Cognitive Neuropsychology studies the psychological effects of brain damage and disease.
Broca's Area
- Broca's area plays a crucial role in speech production.
- Damage to Broca's area, located in the left temporal lobe, can lead to aphasia (speech deficits).
Localization
- Localization suggests that specific mental functions are linked to specific brain areas.
- This is also known as the modularity hypothesis.
- It contrasts with the distributed view, where functions are realized by multiple brain areas working together.
Phrenology
- Phrenology attempted to link psychological functions to bumps on the skull, incorrectly believing they reflected brain growth in specific areas.
Double Dissociation
- Double dissociation occurs when different brain injuries result in opposite patterns of performance on two tasks.
- This indicates that the two tasks are independent and rely on distinct brain regions.
Brain Imaging
- Structural imaging techniques, such as MRI, reveal brain anatomy.
- Functional imaging methods, like EEG and ERP, detect brain activity.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
- MRI is a high-resolution structural imaging technique that uses strong magnetic fields.
Electroencephalography (EEG)
- EEG is a functional brain imaging technique that records electrical activity from the scalp.
- Event-related potentials (ERPs) are electrical responses recorded during repeated stimulus presentations.
Associative Chain Theory
- The associative chain theory proposes that actions arise from linking associations between individual action components.
Hierarchical Models of Action Production
- TOTE (Test Operate Test Exit) models propose a hierarchical structure where units continuously check conditions and exit when satisfied.
- Hierarchies of Control Elements suggest different levels of control, with top levels setting goals, middle levels breaking down goals, and bottom levels executing actions.
Parallel Processing
- Parallel processing allows multiple parts of a problem to be solved simultaneously.
- Interactive Activation explains how excitatory and inhibitory interactions between neurons influence processing.
Recurrent Networks
- Recurrent networks are artificial neural networks with connections that allow for cycling activation.
- This design enables the incorporation of temporal context into computations.
Brain Damage and Action Production
- Damage to the frontal/parietal cortex, basal ganglia, or connecting fibers can lead to apraxia (inability to perform skilled movements).
- Damage to the prefrontal cortex can result in dysexecutive syndrome, characterized by impaired action sequencing.
Action Presentation and Perception
- Cognitive sandwich suggests that cognition is like the filling of a sandwich.
- Beat gestures are baton-like movements synchronized with speech for emphasis.
- Metaphoric gestures relate concepts by using spatial structure and timing of movements.
- Iconic gestures depict physical properties of objects.
Agency
- Agency is the feeling of control over one's actions.
- Body ownership involves recognizing certain body parts as belonging to oneself.
Alien Hand Syndrome
- Alien Hand Syndrome is a rare condition where a person's hand acts without conscious control.
Angular Gyrus
- The angular gyrus contributes to movement planning and control by integrating visual and spatial information.
Insula
- The insula processes internal body sensations (interoception) and integrates them with motor actions.
Attention
- Attention is the focus on a particular stimulus while disregarding others.
- External attention involves selecting and controlling sensory information from the external world.
- Internal attention involves selecting and controlling internally generated thoughts and motivations.
Attention System of the Human Brain
- The brain's attention system comprises three subsystems: alerting, orienting, and executive.
- The brainstem connects the cortex to the spinal cord.
- Top-down attention is driven by thoughts, beliefs, and expectations.
- Bottom-up attention results from processing incoming sensory information.
Theories of Attention
- The cocktail party problem describes the ability to focus on a specific speaker in a noisy environment.
- The dichotic listening paradigm presents different messages to each ear.
- Shadowing tasks require participants to repeat aloud the attended message.
Filter Theory
- Filter theory proposes that a filter blocks irrelevant information, allowing only the important message to reach further processing.
Early and Late Selection Models
- Early selection models suggest that filtering occurs early in processing.
- Late selection models propose that filtering occurs later, eliminating some information after it has been processed.
Treisman's Attenuator Model
- This model suggests that unattended stimuli are processed at a weaker level unless something important triggers a stronger response.
Lavie's Experiment
- The theory of perceptual load suggests that the amount of processing an unattended stimulus receives depends on the difficulty of the attended task.
- High load conditions utilize all available resources, resulting in no reduction in reaction time.
- Low load conditions allow resources to be allocated to unattended distractors, affecting performance.
Resource Theory
- Resource theory proposes that people's ability to perform multiple tasks depends on their available resources and the demands of the tasks.
Spotlight and Zoom Lens Models of Attention
- The spotlight metaphor views attention as a beam illuminating specific locations.
- The zoom lens model suggests that attention can zoom in and out to cover different areas of the scene.
Dual Task Paradigm
- The dual task paradigm investigates the ability to perform two tasks simultaneously.
- Task performance can be affected by the similarity and complexity of the tasks.
Visual Attention
- Visual search involves using perception and attention to find a target in a visual scene.
Preattentive Visual Processes
- Preattentive processes analyze the entire scene simultaneously, allowing rapid detection of features like color and shape.
Binding Problem
- The binding problem concerns how individual features are combined into a coherent perceptual experience.
Distributed Attention
- Distributed attention resembles preattentive vision and allows for rapid statistical analysis of the entire scene.
- It extracts statistical properties of objects and features in an image.
Inhibition Return
- Inhibition return promotes searching novel locations to avoid revisiting previously examined areas.
- It is proposed to aid in foraging behavior by preventing revisiting already explored locations.
Attentional Blink
- Attentional blink is a temporary decrease in attention immediately after a target stimulus.
Attentional Mechanisms
- Feedforward processing involves the transmission of sensory information across the brain.
- Recurrent processing includes cyclical computations.
- Receptive field defines the physical space that activates a neuron.
Normalization Model of Attention
- This model explains how attention enhances important stimuli while balancing the processing of background stimuli.
- It helps to understand how we focus on specific stimuli in cluttered environments.
- The model includes stimulus drive (sensory input) and attention drive (amplified response to the attended stimulus).
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Description
Explore key concepts in cognitive neuroscience, including internal representations, connectionism, and the role of Broca's area in speech production. Understand how mental processes are linked to specific brain areas and the impact of brain damage. Test your knowledge on these crucial topics in mental functions and neural networks.
