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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
What is the primary function of the sodium-potassium pump in neurons?
Which of the following best describes the role of voltage-gated Na+ channels during an action potential?
Which of the following best describes the role of voltage-gated Na+ channels during an action potential?
How is neurotransmitter removal facilitated at the synapse?
How is neurotransmitter removal facilitated at the synapse?
What technique is commonly used in cognitive neuroscience to measure brain activity based on blood flow?
What technique is commonly used in cognitive neuroscience to measure brain activity based on blood flow?
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Which of the following techniques provides the best spatial resolution for observing brain activity?
Which of the following techniques provides the best spatial resolution for observing brain activity?
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What was emphasized by Aristotle regarding the source of sensations?
What was emphasized by Aristotle regarding the source of sensations?
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What was the primary contribution of Paul Broca in the context of cognitive neuroscience?
What was the primary contribution of Paul Broca in the context of cognitive neuroscience?
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Which technique is NOT associated with cognitive neuroscience?
Which technique is NOT associated with cognitive neuroscience?
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What concept did Descartes introduce regarding the relationship between body and mind?
What concept did Descartes introduce regarding the relationship between body and mind?
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Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential in neurons?
Which of the following best describes the resting membrane potential in neurons?
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In what period did the neuron doctrine become prominent due to contributions from scientists like Golgi and Cajal?
In what period did the neuron doctrine become prominent due to contributions from scientists like Golgi and Cajal?
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Which method is primarily used for studying electrical activity in the brain on a larger scale?
Which method is primarily used for studying electrical activity in the brain on a larger scale?
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What is one of the primary roles of ion channels in neurons?
What is one of the primary roles of ion channels in neurons?
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Study Notes
Cognitive Neuroscience - Lecture 1
- Cognitive neuroscience is a field that explores the brain's function in relation to cognition.
- Techniques used in cognitive neuroscience include measurement and manipulation techniques.
- Measurement techniques involve recording brain activity (e.g., single-unit recording, EEG, MEG, PET, fMRI).
- Manipulation techniques involve altering brain activity (e.g., lesion, TMS, stimulation).
- The origins of neuroscience are explored.
- Information processing in the brain is examined including ions, resting membrane potentials, action potentials and the synapse.
- The emergence of cognitive neuroscience is considered, with emphasis on types of techniques (single-unit recording, EEG/MEG, fMRI/PET, lesions/TMS).
The Relationship Between Mind and Brain in Ancient Greece
- Aristotle believed the heart was the center of sensation and thought, not the brain.
- Hippocrates thought the brain was responsible for mental processes, including emotion and pleasure.
Descartes and Dualism
- Descartes proposed a mind-body dualism, separating the mind (non-physical) from the body (physical).
- He believed the mind and body interact through the pineal gland.
Brain Lesions and Behavioural Deficits
- Lesions in specific brain areas can lead to distinct behavioral deficits.
- The case of Phineas Gage's injury is explored as an example.
Golgi, Cajal, Brodmann and the Neuron Doctrine
- Golgi and Cajal contributed to understanding neurons and their connections.
- Brodmann's work led to the creation of a map of the brain's cortical areas.
Neurons
- Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system.
- Structures (eg, axon, dendrites, soma) and their function are included.
Ion Channels and Pumps
- Electrochemical gradients, ion channels and pumps are explained to understand their role in producing potentials and action potentials.
Forces that Control the Movement of Ions
- Forces like voltage and concentration gradients affect ion movement across cell membranes.
Sodium-Potassium Pump
- This pump actively maintains ion gradients essential for neuronal function.
Threshold
- The threshold potential triggers the action potential.
- Membrane potential changes during the action potential are shown in a graph.
Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels
- These channels open and close in a specific sequence to produce the action potential.
The Action Potential
- The action potential is a rapid change in membrane potential.
- Characteristics such as depolarization, repolarization, and hyperpolarization are discussed.
Action Potential Propagation
- The action potential travels along the axon, and process of how is the focus.
Synapse
- The synapse is the junction between two neurons.
- Neurotransmitters, release in synapse, and receptors location is noted.
Neurotransmitter Receptors in the Postsynaptic Cell
- Receptors bind to neurotransmitters and cause postsynaptic potentials.
Removal of Neurotransmitter
- Neurotransmitters are removed from the synaptic cleft.
Threshold and Summation of Postsynaptic Potentials
- Postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) summate to reach a threshold.
- The process of excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials(EPSP/IPSP) are described.
Looking Inside The Black Box
- Compare behaviourism (stimulus-response) with cognitive processes (internal mechanisms connecting stimulus to response).
Face Recognition
Single Neuron Recordings
- Single neuron recordings measure the firing rate of a single neuron in response to stimuli.
Electroencephalography and Magnetoencephalography (EEG/MEG)
- EEG and MEG are used to measure electrical and magnetic brain activity.
- Characteristics include time-sensitive recording.
Neuronal Energy Consumption
- Explain the energy consumption of different neuronal activities.
Functional Neuroimaging (fMRI, PET)
- fMRI and PET measure brain activity via blood flow.
- Example of face recognition task in fMRI and brain regions are noted.
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS)
- TMS uses magnetic pulses to stimulate or inhibit brain activity.
Spatial and Temporal Resolution of Techniques
- Different techniques have varying degrees of spatial and temporal resolution.
- Comparing the spatial and temporal aspects of the recording techniques is presented through a graph, providing a clear overview, allowing for better understanding compared to a description alone.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational aspects of cognitive neuroscience as presented in Lecture 1. It delves into the techniques for measuring and manipulating brain activity, as well as the historical perspectives on the mind-brain relationship from Ancient Greece. Test your knowledge on key concepts and methodologies in this exciting field of study.
