28 Questions
What is the region of the brain responsible for 'sculpting the response space' according to Frith?
Left Dorsolateral PFC
What is the main difference between Emotional and Cognitive Control?
Emotional Control involves the Orbital/ventro-medial region, while Cognitive Control involves the Lateral PFC
What is the name of the hypothesis that is not universally accepted amongst researchers?
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
What region of the brain is associated with Monitoring in Executive Control?
Anterior cingulate
What is the main function of the Anterior cingulate in Executive Control?
Monitoring
What is the term for the ability to control and regulate one's behavior?
Executive Control
What region of the brain is associated with Cognitive Control?
Lateral PFC
What is the name of the researcher who suggested that the Left Dorsolateral PFC is responsible for 'sculpting the response space'?
Frith
What does executive function require in order to override automatic behaviour and switch flexibly between tasks?
Flexible processing
What is the difference between HOT and COLD executive control?
HOT is emotional, COLD is cognitive
Which brain region is associated with cognitive control?
Lateral PFC
According to the Somatic Marker Hypothesis, what do emotional events store in memory?
Somatic markers
Where are somatic markers believed to be stored in the brain?
Orbitofrontal and ventromedial frontal cortex
What is the Iowa Gambling Task used to study?
Somatic markers
What is the function of somatic markers in guiding behavior?
To guide behavior based on emotions
What is the main difference between the HOT and COLD systems?
HOT is emotional, COLD is cognitive
Which brain region is associated with the Somatic Marker Hypothesis?
Orbitofrontal cortex
What is the role of somatic markers in the Somatic Marker Hypothesis?
To link memories and emotions
What is associated with greater activity in the right DLPFC?
Low confidence judgements
Which region is involved in simple stimulus-response mappings according to Koechlin and Summerfield (2007)?
Posterior lateral PFC
What is the main distinction between emotional and cognitive control?
Emotional control is related to the orbital/ventro-medial PFC, while cognitive control is related to the lateral PFC
What is the main idea behind the Posterior-Anterior Hierarchy of Executive Functions?
More anterior regions are involved in complex stimulus-response mappings
What is the function of the anterior cingulate cortex in executive control?
Monitoring
Which region is involved in multi-tasking according to Koechlin et al.?
Anterior PFC
What is the main function of the right DLPFC in executive control?
Monitoring and control
What is the main difference between the left and right lateral PFC in executive control?
The left lateral PFC is involved in cognitive control, while the right lateral PFC is involved in emotional control
What is the main idea behind the somatic marker hypothesis?
Emotions are involved in decision-making
What is the main function of the lateral PFC in executive control?
Cognitive control
Study Notes
Different Approaches to Executive Control
- Executive control can be divided into hot (emotional) and cold (cognitive) control, with hot control involving the orbital/ventro-medial prefrontal cortex (PFC) and cold control involving the lateral PFC.
###Left Lateral PFC vs Right Lateral PFC
- The left lateral PFC and right lateral PFC have distinct functions, with the left lateral PFC possibly responsible for selecting a range of plausible responses ("sculpting the response space").
Posterior Lateral PFC vs Anterior Lateral PFC
- The posterior lateral PFC and anterior lateral PFC have different functions, with the anterior lateral PFC involved in control, and the posterior lateral PFC involved in monitoring.
Organization of Executive Functions
- Executive functions require flexible processing to override automatic behavior, switch between tasks, and carry out a current task while holding in mind other goals.
- This flexibility is achieved via a biasing influence that makes certain behaviors more or less likely.
Somatic Marker Hypothesis
- The Somatic Marker Hypothesis, proposed by Antonio Damasio and colleagues, suggests that emotional events store "somatic markers" in memory, which link memories stored throughout the cortex and the "feeling" of those situations stored in regions dedicated to emotions.
- Somatic markers are believed to be stored in the orbitofrontal and ventromedial frontal cortex.
- Retrieving an event reinstates the somatic marker, which guides behavior.
Iowa Gambling Task
- In the Iowa Gambling Task, patients fail to show anticipatory skin conductance responses (SCRs), but show SCRs in other circumstances.
Right Dorsolateral PFC
- The right dorsolateral PFC is involved in making judgments, particularly when uncertainty is high and greater monitoring is required.
Posterior-Anterior Hierarchy of EF
- Koechlin and Summerfield (2007) propose that more posterior regions of the PFC are involved in simple stimulus-response mappings, while more anterior regions are involved in more complex mappings.
Explore the effects of lateral prefrontal cortex damage on executive functions, including working memory deficits and cognitive tests. Learn how double dissociation helps understand these relationships.
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